Why Do We Read Literature Essay Sample free essay sample

First. Literature Defined:* â€Å"The creative activity of literature is a uniquely human activity. Born of man’s timeless desire to understand. express. and eventually portion experiences. † * Literature is â€Å"a concrete artefact — a narrative. a verse form. or a play† * â€Å"The medium of interlingual rendition. of class. is linguistic communication. the written and spoken word. † * â€Å"When we speak of literature. nevertheless. we have in head a particular sort of linguistic communication that differs from the ordinary discourse with which we conduct our day-to-day personal businesss. The term literature. . . refers to linguistic communication that is intentionally structured in such a manner as to hold identifiable artistic qualities. † 1. ) Reading for Vicarious Escape* Literature can offer â€Å"exciting narrations that can be read uncritically merely because they allow us to get away the jobs and duties of our mundane lives and to take part. nevertheless briefly. in a universe of experience that differs radically from our ain. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do We Read Literature? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † * Examples: the undercover agent or detective narrative ; scientific discipline fiction ; historical novels * We read for the merriment of it. * â€Å"Many plants of literature. classics every bit good as paper-back book mush. last exactly because they win in temporarily detaching us from clip and topographic point and transporting us to some fanciful universe that we otherwise would neer cognize. † * â€Å"Although some people tend to see such a motivation as stripling or even philistine. the fact remains that literature flourishes. in portion at least. because of the freedom and get away it affords our imaginativeness. † * And for those plants which do non look like â€Å"escape. † we should inquire what they have that have led them to â€Å"survive† over clip! 2. ) Reading to Learn* â€Å"Literature offers the reader ‘knowledge’ in the signifier of information. . . information that at the clip is all the more absorbing because it is portion of the author’s re-created universe. † * â€Å"Literature read in this manner serves as a societal papers. giving us insight into the Torahs. imposts. establishments. attitudes. and values of the age in which it was written or in which it is set. † * Literature â€Å"broadens our cognition of the universe. [ However. ] non all of this ‘knowledge’ is peculiarly valuable ; and much of it will be disregarded rapidly. Some of it may. in fact. turn out to be misdirecting or even false. and as such must ever be checked and verified against other beginnings. † 3. ) Reading to Confront Experience* â€Å"One of the most compelling facets of literature is its relationship to human experience. Reading is an act of battle and engagement. It is besides. at the same time. an act of elucidation and find. Literature allows us. as possibly no other medium can. the opportunity to get the better of the restrictions of our ain subjectiveness and those restrictions imposed by sex. age. societal and economic status. and the times in which we live. Literary characters offer us immediate entree to a broad scope of human experiences we otherwise might neer cognize. As readers we observe these characters’ private every bit good as public lives. and go toilet to their innermost ideas. feelings. and motives. It is the really familiarity of this entree that explains why psychologists have traditionally found inventive literature a rich beginning for instance surveies to exemplify theories of personality and behaviour. † [ For illustration. the Oed ipal composite! ] * â€Å"The relationship between literature and experience. nevertheless. is a mutual one. Merely as literature allows us to take part in the experience of others. so excessively it has the power to form and change our attitudes and outlooks. To cognize why we identify with one character and non another may state us about the sort of individual we are or aspire to be. If we are sensitive and perceptive readers. we have much to larn from these brushs. which can enrich the quality and impact the way of our lives. though the precise effects of these brushs are impossible to foretell and will change from one reader to another. One grade of a ‘great’ work of literature is its ability to hold an consequence on the reader. In the same manner. it is this affectional power of fiction. play. and poesy that helps to explicate the endurance of those plants we regard as classics. [ Works ] survive as classics because they have offered coevalss of readers the chance to clear up and possibly even modify their positions of life and besides because they shed life on the comple xness and ambiguity of human being. including the reader’s ain. † 4. ) Reading for Aesthetic Pleasure* â€Å"Literature can besides be read for the sheer aesthetic pleasance we take in good workmanship of any sort. ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ is a phrase the poet John Keats has given us ; well-ordered and happy words are one of the few signifiers of immortality. Despite its other utilizations. a verse form. a drama. or a novel is a self-contained work of art. with a definable and describable construction and texture: it can be approached and appreciated on footings that are unambiguously its ain. What distinguishes literature from other signifiers of artistic looks is its trust on construction and manner in linguistic communication. Sensitive and experient readers will react to happy words. though they many non be ab initio witting of precisely what they are reacting to. or why. When that response is a positive 1. we speak of our sense of pleasance or delectation. in much the same manner that we respond to a picture. a piece of sculpture. or a musical composing. If we push our enquiry farther and seek to analyse our response. we begin to travel in the way of literary unfavorable judgment. † On Literary Criticism:* â€Å"Rumor to the contrary. literary unfavorable judgment is non an exercising in human inventiveness that professors of English engage in for its ain interest. Neither is the word unfavorable judgment to be confused with the sort of negativity and mistake determination we sometimes encounter in acerb book reappraisals. The fact of the affair is that the more we learn about how to near a narrative. verse form. or drama. the greater our grasp of a genuinely great work becomes. and greater still the sense of pleasance and enjoyment we can deduce from it. Literary unfavorable judgment is nil more. or less. than an effort to clear up. explicate. and measure our experience with a given literary work. Properly understood and properly employed. literary unfavorable judgment allows us to raise and so reply. nevertheless tentatively. certain basic inquiries about an author’s accomplishment and about the ways in which he or she achieved it. It besides allows us to organize some judgements about the comparative virtue or quality of the work as a whole. † * â€Å"Like all organized Fieldss of academic survey. the survey of literature remainders on at least three cardinal premises that critics and readers must be willing to accept. * Literary unfavorable judgment. foremost of all. presupposes that a work of literary art contains certain important relationships and forms of significance that the reader-critic can retrieve and portion. Without such anterior understanding. of class. there can be no unfavorable judgment. for by definition there would be nil worthy of communicating. * Second. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes the ability of the reader-turned-critic to interpret his experience of the work into rational footings that can be communicated to and understood by others. * Third. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes that the critic’s experience of the work. one time organized and articulated. will be by and large compatible with the experience of other readers. This is non to connote that critics and other readers will ever see oculus to oculus. for of class they do non and neer will. It is to state that to be valid and valuable the critic’s reading of a work must harmonize. at least in a general manner. with what other intelligent readers over a sensible period of clip are willing to hold on and accept. † A Warning about Analysis:* â€Å"The analytical method. it should be noted. is merely one of a figure of attacks taken by critics in their geographic expedition and survey of literature. It is true that by concentrating our attending entirely on the literary work we run the hazard of minimising. or disregarding wholly. many other factors that might otherwise contribute to our apprehension. With the analytical method. for illustration. we tend to overlook * the author’s purpose in composing the work. * the relationship between the work and the author’s life and experience. * or the even broader relationship between the work and the historical civilization in which it was written and to which it was originally directed. * The analytical method besides tends to disregard the critical relationship of literature to human experience in general and to the reader’s ain experiences in peculiar. †

Direct and Indirect Essay Example

Direct and Indirect Essay Example Direct and Indirect Paper Direct and Indirect Paper Topic: Direct and Indirect Speech We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:- (i). we may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech. (ii). We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect Speech. For example: Direct:Ahmed said, â€Å"I am very busy now†. Indirect:Ahmed said that he was busy then. Direct Speech is that form of narration in which the actual words of a speaker are reported. It may be divided into two parts: the reported speech, i. e. the actual words of the speaker (its VERB is called Reported Verb); and the reporting speech, i. . the introductory words added to the reported speech (its VERB is called Reporting Verb). The reported speech is marked off by inverted commas. The reporting speech comes before or after the commas. Indirect Speech is that form of speech in which what one speaker says is reported by another with utmost accuracy but without using his actual words. It will be noticed that in Direct Speec h, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made.Thus: (i). we have used the conjunction that before the Indirect statement. (ii). The pronoun I is changed to he. (The 1st Person Pronoun is changed into 3rd Person Pronoun). (iii). The verb am is changed to was . (Present Tense is changed to Past). (iv). The adverb now is changed to then. 1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES Definition: An assertive sentence makes a positive (Affirmative), negative or forceful statement. For example: 1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. (Affirmative or positive) 2. Death is not the end of life. (Negative) 3. She did go to school. (Emphatic) or forceful statement.When Assertive Sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech, all changes explained earlier take place. EXAMPLES: in the REPORTED SPEECH are also changed, when a sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech. | | | | |Sr. No. |Words in Reported Speech |Changed into Indirect Speech | |1 |This |That | |2 |These |Those | |3 |Here |There | |4 |Now Then | |5 |Today |That day | |6 |Tonight |That night | |7 |Yesterday |The previous (last) day | |8 |Tomorrow |The next (following) day | |9 |Last night |The previous night | |10 |Ago |Before | |11 |Thus |So | |12 |Sir or madam |Respectfully | |13 |Good morning , good evening, good noon or good day |Greeted | |14 |Words like â€Å"well†, â€Å"all right,† â€Å"yes†, â€Å"hullo† and | | | |â€Å"no† are omitted. | | EXAMPLES: | | | | |Sr. No. DIRECT SPEECH |INDIRECT SPEECH | |1 |She says, â€Å"I do not like this dress† |She says that she does not like that dress. | |2 |He will say, â€Å"My father has bought these books for me. |He will say that his father has bought those books for him. | |3 |The lion said to the fox, â€Å"Many animals come here every d ay. † |The lion said to the fox that many animals came there every day. | |4 |The teacher said to us, â€Å"It is 9 o’clock by my watch now. † |The teacher said to us that it was 9 o’clock by his watch then. | |5 |The monitor says to the teacher, â€Å"Sir, the bell has gone. †

Acceptance Under Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acceptance Under Contract Law - Essay Example Consideration is an added benefit that is bargained for and may also include a promise to compromise upon a dispute, but the important factor is that it must be a new obligation, over and above what has already been agreed to in the original contract. The principle of consideration determines whether an oral promise may be enforceable since an implicit contract is formed if the person making the promise is receiving something in return – some consideration [www.abanet.org, pp 22]. This involves the exchange of â€Å"something of value† or the promise to do something in future.[www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. The basic premise of a contract is the concept of Offer and Acceptance. When one party makes an offer and another party accepts it – either orally or in writing – then a contract is said to exist [www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. In order for a contract to be valid, both the parties need to exchange something of value. If one party promises orally to give something to the other but does not follow through with it, his promise is not enforceable, unless the other party agreed to do something in return for the promised gift, in which case a contract does exist and may be enforceable. Once an agreement has been made and a contract entered into, any agreement to vary the contract is likely to be based upon some consideration, especially if the pacts is increased under the doctrine of economic duress. The doctrine of consideration has however been argued as being too â€Å"blunt an instrument† since its â€Å"reasoning was such that it could make a promise invalid even thoug h no pressure had been exerted by the promisee at all.† [Trietel, 2002, pp 14]. In this connection, there is already in existence a written contract between the two parties, which lays out the terms of payment for services rendered, ie, three installment payments of 10,000 pounds each to be made by Roger.

The Scapegoat MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scapegoat MAM - Assignment Example Edward soon becomes a local celeb as a result of his ability to cut hair and trim hedges. This capability to do extra things makes people take advantage of Edward. For instance, Jim uses Edward to break into his parents house but unfortunately Edward is trapped in the automatic locks. He is then accused of crime and people including Jim who was using him takes Edward as a scapegoat. Similarly, in our community scapegoating occurs to individuals who are famous and can do extra things (Stereotypes of Persecution, 19). Out of envy and jealous of the community members especially those with same abilities, such an individual is considered as a threat. False accusations are alleged against such person with an aim of disgracing him or her (Stereotypes of Persecution, 14). For instance, Joyce claims that Edward tried to rape her. However, these allegation are not real. The community members looks everywhere for possible indications to confirm their suspicion against the individual. In most cases, individuals taken as scapegoats are innocent and defenseless. They usually undergo through judgment and unfair punishment for crimes they did not

Racism in basketball between china and USA Research Paper

Racism in basketball between china and USA - Research Paper Example In 2011, the United States Vice President Joe Biden made a  trip to Beijing China, and on the second day of his visit, there was a friendly basketball match. That was between the United States Georgetown Hoyas team and China’s Army-affiliated Bayi Rockets team. However, the basketball match did not turn out to be so much friendly eventually because each of the teams began engaging in hostile pushing and yelling. It persisted until one Chinese basketball player hurt in the abdomen shouted racist and offensive remarks at the Georgetown Hoyas coach, which made an eruption of both sides rising from their benches and crowding the basketball court.  The scuffle rapidly evolved into a very rough brawl between the United States and Chinese players. The chaotic fracas lasted for a few minutes while the referees watched on, and the basketball players stomped on each other and threw chairs towards one another. In addition to this, the audience tossed full water bottles and other wast e at the basketball court to add salt to the injury. Eventually, the Georgetown Hoyas’ coach called off his team from the basketball court, and the match was ruled a tie between the two teams (Stone, 2011). Reactions to the skirmish among the Chinese people were torn between humiliation and conceit because of racism. To a majority of the Chinese people, the incident tarnished the ambiance of hospitality that China had been trying to exhibit while the United States Vice President was in the country. It was indeed embarrassing to the Chinese people and a major loss of face for them. Several people who watched the scuffle between China and the United States called the Chinese players hooligans with poor basketball techniques, and even poorer character. However, some people applauded the Chinese players’ belligerence as bravery toppled with statements of racism. It involved the people saying that

Female Sexualization in Magazines

Female Sexualization in Magazines Over the past three decades, contemporary women’s magazines have significantly increased their sexual content, offering frank advice about sex and relationships (Kim Ward, 2004). The message it sends across is prizing sexually assertive women. Thus, it gives the readers instructions on aggressive ways to attract men and to be able to fulfill their own sexual desires (Durham, 1996). One particular magazine is Cosmopolitan magazine which is known for being racy, intended for the â€Å"fun, fearless female†(Streitmatter, 2004). Sexual agency and desire is highly promoted to young women. Likewise, the stereotypical male sexual role is described as being primarily sexual and out of control. In Cosmopolitan, much of women’s sexual agency and aggressiveness happens within the context of a relationship (Durham, 1996). Walsh-Childers et al. (2002) commented that in some adult-focused magazines, sex is presented as a fun, casual and risk-free activity. A noticeable lack o f emphasis on sexual health, contraceptives and STD prevention is observed (Kim Ward, 2004). Me’nard Kleinplatz (2008) comment that in the magazines, although there is a strong emphasis for female readers to be sexually active and be in the service of men (Durham, 1996), they are cautioned not to be too overtly sexual. They are encouraged to dress and interact with men in a way that promotes sexual desirability but are discouraged from showing desire themselves (Durham 1996, 1998; Garner et al. 1998). These magazines, then, can be seen as part of a ‘cultural apparatus that purports to assist women to be heterosexually attractive, to be coy, alluring, â€Å"sexy,† and flirtatious, in order to â€Å"find true love† and to â€Å"catch a man,† and then to maintain his interest’ (Overall, 1999, p. 298). On the other hand, men’s sexuality is promoted to be aggressive, animalistic, insatiable, urgent and uncontrollable (Firminger 2006; Garner et al. 1998; Ward 2003). The concept of â€Å"great sex† is depicted in three women’s magazines, namely Cosmopolitan, Glamour and Self (Duran Prusank, 1997) as only occurring in the context of an intimate, caring and long-term heterosexual relationship. These magazines teach sexual techniques such as sensual touching, sexual positions, forbidden games, etc. to enhance sexual and erotic intimacy in those relationships. Duran Prusank (1997) also contend that great sex involves uncontrollable chemical or magical elements while it is ongoing. Me’nard Kleinplatz (2008) observe that in popular adult-focused magazines the subject of sexual techniques was predominant. In every issue, a wide variety of information about new and exciting sexual techniques or on improvements that can be made to old familiar ones in order to achieve â€Å"great sex† is available. Readers are provided with information on how to kiss, touch, perform oral or manual sex and several orgasm-inducing sexual intercourse positions. Sexualities of men and women have been compared in contemporary magazines. Discourses have emphasized that male sexuality is driven by a strong biological ‘need’ for coital sex, and have identified this as the ‘male sexual drive’ (Weeks, 1986; Hollway, 1989). As opposed to female sexuality, male sexuality is emphasized with sexual prowess and prime importance is given to the penis, erection and orgasm (Kilmartin, 1999; Tiefer, 1995). On the other hand, female sexuality has been characterized as passive, responsive to the needs of their male partners’ sexual needs and associated with reproduction. Although their sexual needs come from the same biological drive, women are less easily aroused than men and are more emotional during sex (Jackson, 1984). Farvid Braun (2006) conclude that contemporary adult-focused magazines are ‘obsessed with male sexuality’. It was a central focus in accounts of female sexuality which is mostly oriented toward the fulfillment of men’s sexual pleasure. The magazines depicted men in contradictory positions – one, as the target of women’s desires and the other, as a source of much stress, anxiety and even trauma for women (Farvid Braun, 2006). This positions men as having much power over women because of the great emotions they elicit in a wide spectrum. When women’s magazines invite male authorities to offer their insights and experiences to the women readers, it becomes a portal for women to understand men better. Men’s perspectives help women by guiding them on how to behave, dress and engage in sexual practices in accordance to how men prefer. In a significant way, it guides women to understand their male partners better and learn ways to please the m. Mass media’s dominant representation of women is that they exist for men’s satisfaction of their sexual fantasies (Wood, 1994). Cleo and Cosmopolitan magazines encourage women to be as ‘sexual’ as they can be, making them available to satisfy men’s sexual fantasies and desires. Although being able to provide sexual satisfaction for men may be a source of pleasure and power for women, it also reflects that women are reliant on men for their own self-image and power (Machin Thornborrow, 2003). Thus, repeatedly reading articles on how to give pleasure to men may promote women’s insecure sexuality (Farvid Braun, 2006). The message of contemporary women’s magazine is that society may condone men’s inappropriate sexual behaviour. The stronger sexual drive of men have made them conclude that the penis is ‘extrinsic to the self’ (Kilmartin, 1999, p.180) and can have a ‘mind of its own’ (Hollway, 1989). Shifting the responsibility of certain sexual indiscretions such as infidelity or cheating on their spouses/partners on the penis makes it an unfair and shallow justification. Potts (2001) commented that such distinction of the penis as the culprit constitutes a ‘hegemonic masculine subjectivity’ where ‘men tend to distance themselves from the [sexual] behaviours of their bodies’ and thus ‘they may also exonerate themselves from responsibility in sexual matters’ (p.154), including inappropriate, risky, or even coercive sexual practices. Sex is promoted as a way to keep a man interested in a woman enough to stay in a relationship. Farvid Braun (2006) observe in Cleo and Cosmopolitan magazines that the ability of some women to provide great sex to men is essential in fulfilling not only men’s sexual needs but women’s relational needs as well. Cleo magazine advocates women to leave an impression where it counts†¦ in bed. It contends that men love women who are not only good in bed but enjoy it too, and it leaves men craving for more. A memorable sexual performance of a woman is depicted as more important than her personality in terms of keeping a man interested. Another message that comes across is that while men can enjoy sex anytime they want, women need to work on sex in competing with other women their men have had sex with or with potential sex partners. This implies that although great sex can be a deterrent against infidelity, it also means that since men have strong sexual drives, that they are potential cheaters (Farvid Braun, 2006). That is why women should gain expertise in the sexual pleasing of their men so that they will not find a need to ‘stray’. On the other hand, women are not characterized as having strong sex drives and if they cheat, it is pictured in more severe ways, within more elaborate and negative scenarios. Women’s infidelity is more condemnable and less forgivable than men’s infidelity. Blame is assigned to the woman and is not likely caused by sexual or relational shortcomings of the partner she cheated. Another gender difference in infidelity is that women are seen as victims of their male partner’s cheating, but men are seen as seekers of revenge for being cheated on by a female partner (Farvid Braun, 2006). Cheating is still considered always ‘wrong’ despite the seemingly loose morals propagated in the magazines and monogamous heterosexual relationships are promoted as central to the identity and well-being of women (Farvid Braun, 2006). Increased Sexualization in Popular Modern Music Genres Heavy metal music, described as the overtly violent and sexually explicit segments of rock and roll music (Lynxwiler, 1988) earned the wrath of Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) and targeted a media campaign against it (Gore, 1987). The organization portrayed heavy metal music as dangerous to young minds because it emphasized the use of drugs, encouraged adolescent sex, endorsed sexist/ pornographic values, instrumental in delivering occult messages and caused violent, lawless behavior (Markson, 1990). Such claims created much controversy that it received national attention when Congressional hearings were held to determine if indeed heavy metal albums and other forms of popular music must be evaluated for their influence in proliferation of â€Å"porn-rock† in the United States (Gray, 1989). The hearings did not produce great changes however, more and more organizations concerned with â€Å"child victims† such as conservative parental, religious and feminist groups pushed for the regulation of heavy metal music (Bayles, 1994). Still others began their own uprising against rap music (Binder, 1993). Jones (1997) claims, that as a matter of definition, rap and hip-hop music are often used interchangeably. However, Powell (1991) defined hip-hop as the beat of the music and rap as the narrative representation, the talking over the beat. Hence, the use of explicit violence and sexual lyrics may be blamed down to rap. Powell (1991) described â€Å"commercial rap† as hip hop or dance rap. Hardcore rap, or gangster rap is the one that raises much controversy. Researchers have suggested that hip hop and rap music, rooted in Black culture can be tools through which Black youth may negotiate their identities to develop an authentic Black identity (Clay, 2003). They see the music as reflective of their lives and to assert that music relates to empowerment, cultural connection and positive identity development (Sullivan, 2003; Berry, 1994). Critics of hip hop and rap, however, have argued that Black youth may be very susceptible to the influences of hip hop role models who promise money, power and status to men who show disrespect for women (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006). Mahiri and Conner’s (2003) ethnographic study of African American middle school students manifested resistance in the negative images emanating from rap and hiphop. This study suggested the use of rap and hiphop images related to social and gender roles as a point of reference from which participants could verbally evaluate, compare and contrast their own beliefs and attitudes. Adolescents in the study of Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter (2006) believed that certain women can be â€Å"nasty† and may â€Å"choose† to be abused, and that abusive men may be products of their environment. Still, they showed dissatisfaction with the representations of Black men and women in hip hop. Their criticisms revolved around women’s individual behavior and style and how outsiders might stereotype Black men as thugs for emulating hiphop fashion. Such perceptions of gender roles based on hiphop seemed to extend to the participants’ evaluations of women’s and men’s responsibility and choices with regards to real world sexual aggression and violence (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006) The problematic aspects of rap music is usually focused on its most acrimonious strain which is gangsta rap. Narratives in such strain are extremely troubling in their glamorization of violence,, materialism, misogyny and sexual transgression (Mahiri Conner, 2003). However, Dyson (1996) argued that the vulgarity expressed in gangsta rap are strongly linked to dominate cultural constructions of â€Å"the other’ and market-driven strategies for rampant economic and human exploitation. Therefore, Dyson noted, the debate about gangsta rap should be situated in a much broader critique of how these narratives essentially mirror ancient stereotypes of Black identity and sexual proclivity throughthe society’s circulation of â€Å"brutal images of black men as sexual outlaws and black females as â€Å"ho’s† (1996, p. 178) Feminists argue that popular media contributes to coerciveness and sexual assault toward women as seen by the dominant presence of violence against women in all forms of media (Linz Malamuth, 1993). Adolescents have been resorting to popular entertainment for information about sex, drugs, alcohol and violence (Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999). Their preference for the more popular and accessible music videos has provides them with such information. Analysis of Music Television (MTV) has shown that men appeared nearly twice as often as women and engaged in significantly more aggressive, dominant behavior and women were shown as engaging in more implicitly sexual and subservient behavior. They were depicted to be frequent objects of explicit, implicit and aggressive advances by men (Sommers-Flanagan, Sommers-Flanagan, Davis, 1993). It is usual for women in these videos to be used as decorative objects, and only a few videos show men and women are treated equally (Vincent, Davis Borus zkowski, 1987). One study of media and sexuality revealed that exposure to MTV among college females was the most powerful predictor of sexual permissiveness (Strouse Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1987). Likewise, in video games, a more sexist orientation and graphic violence against women is getting prevalent. Overall, content in various media such as television, video games, music videos communicates that women are to be objectified, sexualized, dominated, assaulted and even killed (Bretthauer, Zimmerman Banning, 2006).

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Towards the close of the play, Hamlet has a short exchange alone with Horatio, which seems intended to "set up" the final encounter with Laertes, the Queen, Claudius, and the whole Court, and to make absolutely clear the nature of his own involvement. The passage exists in two good versions; the second Quarto of 1604, and the Folio of 1623, which is now thought to represent Shakespeare's revision of the earlier version.11 This second text adds fourteen lines in which Hamlet seeks to justify, as "perfect conscience," his determination to kill Claudius with his own "arm"--or rather to "quit" him, which implies repaying as well.12 He then asks whether he would not be "damned" if he did nothing to eradicate "this canker of our nature" (V.ii.68-70). But even this later addition to the play does not establish a "plain and simple faith."13 We notice that Hamlet expresses himself in rhetorical questions which seem to qualify his momentary certainty. And only minutes later, as th e last encounter approaches, his reluctance to tell all ("Thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart; but it is no matter," ll. 208-09) and a further intrusion of vigorous and baffling wordplay cloud over these ultimate issues once more. Immediately before the King and Queen enter on stage, Hamlet's words, spoken as he again finds himself alone with Horatio, are so tricky--or perhaps tricksy--that they baffled the original compositors of the text and have set modern editors at variance.14 Neither the Quarto nor Folio makes sense and various emendations have been proposed. No/knows; has/owes; leave/leaves; ought/all; of what/of ought, all collide and change places with each other in the different versions. Today a text might read, "Since no man, of aught he leaves, knows aught, what is't to leave betimes?" or "Since no man of ought he leaves, knows, what is't to leave . . .," or ". . . no man owes aught of what he leaves, what is't . . .," or ". . . no man knows of aught he leaves, what is't . . . ." (Was the speech ever absolutely clear in Shakespeare's autograph manuscript, or in his head?) With Hamlet's next words, as trumpet and drums [page 24] announce the King's arrival, the play's hero contrives yet another avo idance-tactic, refusing to talk further with a surprisingly curt "Let be.

Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Research Vitamin supplements bring added nutritional values to people’s health. With their contents of the certain recommended amount of minerals and vitamins needed for staying healthy, vitamin supplements have become more and more popular especially for those with hectic and busy lifestyles. These people believe that daily or regular consumption of vitamin supplements helps to ensure the proper intake of nutrition needed—a compensation for what they might have missed or lost as a result of workload or lifestyle.Unlike medicines or drugs for any medicinal purpose, vitamin supplements are taken for various reasons. Strength, health, and energy seem to take the lead as the top priorities, while illusions of youthfulness, fear of lack of complete nutrients, or long term protection follow. As work life and lifestyle in the global community have become more dynamic and healthy meals with proper dining are rare, people have resor ted more to the help of vitamin supplements. Advertising plays a major part in creating more desire for vitamin supplements.Several marketing schemes of pharmaceutical manufacturers make a continued bombardment of publicity, using both soft and hard persuasion to convince consumers believe in the efficacy of vitamin supplements. These movements create motivational factors for consumers, and their reasons for consumption of vitamin supplements can be endless. Modern lifestyle and work behavior remain the catalyst for the market viability of vitamin supplements. While vitamin supplements aim to maintain the good health of their consumers, they could deteriorate health in many ways.Natural nutrition is certainly better than short-cut nutrition. The market, the manufacturers, and the consumers who live a fast-paced lifestyle should look for equilibrium of vitamin supplement exposure. The supplements should help enhance people’s wellbeing, instead of benefiting certain groups. 1. 1. 1 Consumption of Vitamin Supplements Nowadays, people are concerned about their health and they think that they do not eat proper, well-balanced, and nutritious foods which results in a lack of key vitamins, illness, and poor health.This is especially true of businessmen and office workers because, as the world is moving at a busy and faster pace, they spend most of the time working, which uses all their mental and physical energy, and sometimes they are very stressed and do not often eat proper food and rely instead on junk food or fast food because of its convenience. Therefore, these people purchase vitamin supplements to prevent nutritional deficiencies. People do not purchase and consume food supplements or health products as a cure.They purchase and consume then because they think vitamin supplements can help them improve their quality of life. There are several motivational factors that encourage business people or office workers to purchase vitamin supplements which creat e the demand in the market. The market for vitamin supplements has increased significantly because they have the need to consume vitamin supplements which play an important role in providing nutrition which supports and maintains their good health. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemConsumers of vitamin supplements are mostly business people in the central business districts (CBD) of any of the big cities in the world. Bangkok is no exception. With increasing stress, workload, and the hectic lifestyle of many CBDs in Bangkok, Thai business people try to keep their health stable by consuming more vitamin supplements, rather than observing proper gastronomy. Vitamin supplements of imported and local brands flood the shelves of trendy drug stores like Boots and other popular dispensaries.GNC, an American brand of vitamin supplements, has started to appear around downtown Bangkok’s shopping malls. Competition among manufacturers of vitamin supplements has become fierce, while several c onsumers have started to realize the side-effects of long-term intake of vitamin supplements. The issues of both the pharmaceutical market’s competitiveness and growing awareness of natural nutrients seem to be intertwined within the consumers’ minds.This study therefore aims to identify the motivational factors of the consumers in CBD Bangkok in their purchase intention of vitamin supplements. Recognizing the motivational factors reveals the consumers’ rationale and the impact of marketing techniques that have brought vitamin supplements to their present status. Manufacturers—both at home and abroad—will benefit from realizing consumers’ motivational factors, so that they are able to plan their research well and develop the technical and marketing sides.Surely Thailand, as a tropical country where herbs and pharmaceutical ingredients are found in abundance for making good vitamin supplements, can partake in this fierce competition with succ ess, while the imported brands are ready to compete in any overseas market. However, if vitamin supplements are to become an essential food for people in CBD, all parties concerned need to use studies of consumers’ motivational factors to determine directions that not only yield a healthy result to the consumers but help them avoid risks too. . 3 Research Questions 1. What motivates business people in central business district (CBD) to purchase vitamin supplements? 2. What characterizes the profile of business people of central business district (CBD) in relationship with their consumption of vitamin supplements? 1. 4 Research Objectives 1. To identify motivational factors of business people in buying vitamin supplements; 2. To describe characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to purchase vitamin supplements; and, 3.To describe the characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to consume vitamin supplements. 1. 5 Scope of the Research This research aims to understand motivational factors affecting purchase intention regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. The research will break down into four main variables which constitute Individual Characteristics, Situational and Attitudinal Factors, Motivational Factors, and Purchase Intention of vitamin supplements. The target population was around the Silom area which it is the center of the business area and the most crowded place in Bangkok.The respondents were executive managers, senior managers, and managers or work in lower positions. 1. 6 Limitation of the Research This research was conducted in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers. Hence, the result of the research might be different if data are collected from other areas because of difference in demographics and individual characteristics. 1. 7 Significance of the Research The importance of this study is primarily focused on understanding what motivates office workers in terms of the benefits of, and their intent to purchase vitamin supplements.The outcome will be able to help people concerned about the need to consume vitamin supplements through studies of the motivational factors to determine the directions that provide a healthy result to office workers as well as to characterize their individual profiles regarding the intent to purchase vitamin supplements. It will also be useful for marketers to help them analyze and evaluate this study to assist marketing management in marketing decisions and formulating strategies to increase efficiency. 1. 8 Definition of Terms Central Business District (CBD) – the central district of a city or it is office or retail center of the city. In this study, the survey was conducted in the Silom area as it is the center of the business area and suitable for understanding motivational factors on purchase intention of office workers which are the target of this study. * Vitamin sup plements – vitamin supplements help provide a consistent source of necessary vitamins and nutrition. People who are busy in their working life and do not eat properly would benefit from taking vitamin supplements.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Theories 2. 1. 1 Individual Characteristics Individual characteristics can be classified in many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It can refer to a set of personal traits of individuals (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Individual characteristics can be described demographically or physically. Individual characteristics are unique. Some people may have the same characteristics in some areas just as some people may look Asian but no one person is identified to another.People will have different characteristics. According to Beatty and Smith (1987), and Mitchell (1993), demographic factors can fall into one category of individual characteristics which gender and age are mostly described as factors that usually affect consumer behavior. Additionally, we can include other individual characteristics such as educational level, working position and income, household size and time that spent on groceries shopping as factors that affect consumer behavior as well. Educational level can strongly affect consumer behavior.People with a higher education tend to spend more time searching for information and are willing to try something new in the market. Some products are designed for and required by highly-educated person such as laboratory equipment, international textbooks, etc. A Less educated person may seek and consume ordinary or routine products. They tend to have less awareness of new innovative products. Working status and income are perfectly related to each other. People cannot gain an income if they do not work. Income levels vary according to working status and position.Working status and income are usually used as influential factors that could affect consumer behavior. The re is no market when there is no income. Income is required by profitable markets. What people can afford affects the products that people are likely to buy. Therefore, income is often one of the most popular demographic factors used to study the effects of consumer behavior. A household is an individual who lives alone or a group of individuals living together in a common dwelling, regardless of whether they are related.Households can be cohabitating couples who are unmarried and the opposite sex, same sex or simply roommates. Household size is determined by the number of people who live in the dwelling. Household size could affect buying decisions and consumer behavior. Logically, each household is likely to buy and consume different products at different quantities. Lastly, for individual characteristics, time spent on groceries is the number of hours spent grocery shopping per week. According to the study of Goodman (2008), over 32 million American adults shop at a grocery store on a typical day.That is a large population density in grocery shops which could be a potential market for marketers. The time spent grocery shopping may affect the buying behavior of consumers in terms of buying more other products. 2. 1. 2 Situational and Attitudinal Factors Consumer behavior of individuals could be affected by the individual’s needs, benefits sought, attitudes, motivation and purchasing situation. Since people have different attitudes, beliefs and situations, consumer behavior of each person will be expressed differently as well.Situational factors are all those factors related to the time and place of observation which do not require the knowledge of a person. These factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). People may act and consume differently in different purchasing situations. Time influences a purchase situation. Attitudinal factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a personâ₠¬â„¢s propensity to be persistent and consistent.Attitude encompasses general knowledge and constitutes the cognitive, emotions, and actions. When an individual holds a positive attitude toward a target, he or she will hold the same attitude toward a similar target (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). According to the study of Kim and Chung (2011), health consciousness and appearance consciousness could affect consumer behavior. People who are at the stage of health and appearance consciousness do care about the desired stage of well-being and are willing to put in hard effort to maintain this.People with high health and appearance consciousness tend to spend more time searching for information on healthy living and they are likely to buy more vitamin supplements and other related health products. According to the Oxford English Dictionaries, a special diet means a special course of food to which people restrict themselves with either the purpose to lose weight or for medical reasons. It impli es a specific intake of vitamin supplements or nutrition for weight management and health purposes. Grocery shopper can be used to measure motivation regarding consumer perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.The more involved grocery shoppers go shopping by themselves and are more likely to employ purchase strategies that will enhance their purchase intention (Smith & Carsky, 1996). A meal planner is also the same, according to Moore and Lehmann (1980), who found that an individual who is a meal planner or who prepares food seems to be more involved in purchase intention. Hence, they will be concerned about their food and nutrition and if they think they may lack benefits from their meals, they will be more likely to purchase vitamin supplements. . 1. 3 Motivational factors and product class involvement factors Consumer motivation is described as the influences that lead a consumer’s behavior toward a goal (Wang, 2001). Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs. According to Drichoutis, Lazaridis, and Nayga Jr, (2007), this study defines price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement as variables in a measurement of product involvement, referred to by Moorthy (1997), which in this case is vitamin supplements.In addition, Rose (1994), and Thayer (1997) both concluded that these factors are important in consumer purchase intention. Price has a psychological impact that is used to influence consumer purchasing power. Nutrition can be defined as food or nourishment that is needed to keep growing, healthy, and to support life. Ease of intake has an emphasis on the convenience and difficulties of taking vitamin supplements. Brand enables a consumer to easily identify products of a particular company and decide to purchase them.Advertisement reflects an increasing trend in which people are concerned about their health. 2. 1. 4 Purchase Intention Purchase intention is a measurement of the possibility that a consumer will purchase a product and if the purchase intention is high, there is more chance that the consumer is willing to purchase a product. Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their experience, preference, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000).Purchase intention also leads consumers to not just purchase a product once but to repeatedly purchase or repurchase a product and to recommend it to others. Customers repurchase intention depends on the value obtained in their previous transactions (Wathne, 2001; Kaynak, 2003; Bolton, 2000). So purchase intention is based on that value with a relationship with expected future benefits. Recommendation in purchase intention is consumers who are willing to recommend others to purchase the same products that they bought (Olaru, Purchase, & Peterson, 2008).CHAPTER 3 FRAMEWOR K AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Theoretical Framework 1. Figure 3. 1 – Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , & Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. This study aims to use the following framework to access the factors affecting the importance of different aspects such as price, taste, nutrition, ease of intake, and brand name of products (which in this study is food). The overall involvement with food, based on attribute importance, is affected by attitudinal factors and Socio-economic.In this framework, it provides different profiles of consumers who are not involved or more involved with food based on specific aspects. 2. Figure 3. 2 – Kim, H. Y. , & Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. The proposal of this framework attempts to study the effects of consumer values and past experience on consumer purchase intention of organic products and to consider the effect of perceived behavioral control on the attitude intention relationship by using the theory of planned behavior. . 2 Conceptual Framework Individual Characteristics * Age * Gender * Education * Work position * Income * Household Size * Time Spent on Grocery Shopping Figure 3. 3 – Motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements Purchase Intention * Purchase * Repurchase * Recommend others to purchase Motivational Factors * Price * Nutrition * Ease of Intake * Brand * Advertisement (trend) Situational & Attitudinal Factors * Health Consciousness * Appearance Consciousness * Special Diet Status * Grocery Shopper Meal Planner After clearly understand two theoretical frameworks, the conceptual framework in this research aims to study motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements regarding office workers in the Silom area. First of all, it is necessary to study individual characteristics of office workers and how these affect purchases of vitamin supplement s. Second, the study aims to identify situational and attitudinal factors that effect on consumer motivation leading to purchase of vitamin supplements.Third, the study aims to consider motivational factors of office workers and their effect on purchase intention of vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 1 Individual Characteristics The demographic factors are included in the individual characteristics category. Gender and age are factors that affect consumer behavior. Moreover, this study used education, working position, income, and household size as factors to further evaluate consumer characteristics to indicate how this effects their motivation and purchase intention of vitamin supplements.This research suggests these factors are crucial to profile consumers that intend to purchase vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 2 Situational & Attitudinal Factors This research defines health consciousness, appearance consciousness, special diet status, grocery shopper, and meal planner under situational and a ttitudinal factors. People who are concerned about their desired state of well-being or require a special course of nutrition are likely to make an effort to maintain a healthy life, and are interested in caring about their appearance, by purchasing vitamin supplements.People who go shopping and prepare meals themselves are more likely to purchase vitamin supplements because these situational and attitudinal factors can influence and motivate an individual’s perception about nutritional values. 3. 2. 3 Motivational Factors Motivational factors are identified as factors that influence motivation of office workers to purchase vitamin supplements. The perceived importance of price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement are included in the model in which these factors are defined to effect consumer perception of the benefits of vitamin supplements and influence their purchase intention.The researcher would like to determine if these factors create a positive or a ne gative relationship toward their purchase intention. 3. 2. 4 Purchase Intention This research defines purchase, repurchase, and recommending others to purchase under the purchase intention category. People are motivated to take action based on their behavior, attitude, and perception so they intend to purchase vitamin supplements for health benefits. They may intend to repurchase in the future based on their previous expectation in products and they may also recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. . 3 Hypothesis H1o: There is no relationship between situational & attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H1a: There is a relationship between situational & attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H2o: There is no relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements H2a: There is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplemen ts 3. Operationalization of Variables Variables| Concept of Variable| Operational Component| Measurement Scale| Situational & Attitudinal Factors| – Situational factors are related to the time and place of observation that do not require the knowledge of a person and situational factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). – Attitudinal Factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). – Concerned about health and diet all the time- On a special diet due to a health problem – Worried about physical shape and appearance- Do most of the grocery shopping- Always plan all family meals| Interval ScaleQ1 – Q5| Motivational Factors| Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs (Wang, 2001). – Pay attention to price- Pay attention to nutri tional value – Pay attention to convenience and ease of intake- Pay attention to the brand- Pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends| Interval ScaleQ6 – Q10| Purchase Intention| – Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their preference, experience, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). – Intend to purchase vitamin supplements- Recommend others to purchase- Intend to repeat purchasing| Interval ScaleQ11 – Q13| Individual Characteristics (Personal Information)| Individual characteristics can be classified is many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It refers to a set of personal traits of an individual (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). | – Gender- Age- Education level – Work position- Household size- Income- Time spent grocery shopping| Ord inal and NominalQ14 – Q20| 3. 5 Statistical Treatment of DataThe research used a quantitative research method to prove the findings. Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way using surveys or questionnaires. Quantitative research also provides numerical data or can convert data into numbers for a statistical review. The research used a questionnaire for collecting data because it is the most proper way based on the number of questions to be answered and to get reliable data and information from the target population. 3. 5. 1 Respondents Sampling Procedure 1. Target PopulationThe target population was office workers in the Silom area, which we considered to be the suitable location in the business area because this area is very famous, crowded, and at the center of the business area. 2. Sample size and unit The data were collected from 384 sampling units as this is the minimum sample sizes required from the population of of fice workers located in the Silom area. The population of office workers from this area is numerous because Silom is the center of the business area and many people from different areas work there. 3. Sampling ProcedureThe sampling method in this study is non-probability sampling because it is the most appropriate sampling method for this research as the target population are selected at random. Thus the research used the following type of non-probability samples technique in order to get questionnaire completed – Judgmental or Purposive sampling – This sampling is based on the assumption that the researcher can select elements which represent a typical sample from the appropriate target population: office workers in the Silom area. 3. 5. 2 Research Instrument and Questionnaire DesignThe researcher used a self-administered questionnaire which is a tool that helps the respondents to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire design was based on the conceptual framewo rk and was divided into four parts as follows – Part 1 (Situational & Attitudinal Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the situational and attitudinal factors regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. Part 2 (Motivational Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the motivational factors of office workers toward vitamin supplements.Part 3 (Purchase Intention) – the researcher wanted to understand office workers purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would also like to know if they think vitamin supplements are very important in today’s business world. Part 4 (Individual Characteristics) – this part consisted of questions that acquired individual data of the respondent: it helped the researcher to understand what a characteristic profile of office workers are and their attitudes toward vitamin supplements. Questionnaire Scale A 5-point Likert Scale was used in the q uestionnaire. = Strongly Agree 4 = Agree 3 =Neutral 2=Disagree 1=Strongly Disagree 3. 5. 3 Collection of Data The researcher can collect 384 sets of questionnaires from respondents who are office workers in the Silom area. The questionnaire was carried out only during business hours. The researcher spent two weeks collecting questionnaire and the researcher had two assistants to help distribute questionnaires for obtaining data. The researcher collected all questionnaires and analyzed the data using the software package Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). 3. 6 Reliability TestReliability Analysis of Research Instrument To test variables in the questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient scale and if the alpha test result from the calculation is above . 6 or equal, it means that all questions in the questionnaire are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. Situational and Attitudinal Factors Reliability Statistics| Cron bach's Alpha| No. of Items| .800| 5| Motivational Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. of Items| .727| 5| Purchase Intention Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. f Items| .907| 3| Overall Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. of Items| .895| 13| Table 3. 6: The Summary of Reliability Test Analysis Variables| Alpha test| Situational and Attitudinal Factors| . 800| Motivational Factors| . 727| Purchase Intention| . 907| Overall| . 895| The reliability test results of research instrument according to Table 4. 8 indicate that all variables in the questionnaire are greater than . 6. Therefore, all questions are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTThe researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyze the data using the following analyses – Frequency Analysis – To point out the individual characteristics of business people or office workers Descriptive Analysis – To test attitude, motivation, and intention of office workers and point what is the factor that they believe is the most important for them Correlation – To study the relationship or correlation between variables 4. 1 Frequency Analysis Table 4. 1. 1: The Analysis of Gender Levels using Frequency and Percentage Gender| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Male| 122| 31. 8| 31. 8| 31. 8| | Female| 262| 68. 2| 68. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 1, indicates that 68. 2% (262) of the respondents were female and 31. 8% (122) were male. Table 4. 1. 2: The Analysis of Age Levels using Frequency and Percentage Age| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 20 – 30 years old| 153| 39. 8| 39. 8| 39. 8| | 31 – 40 years old| 121| 31. 5| 31. 5| 71. 4| | 41 – 50 years old| 78| 20. 3| 20. 3| 91. 7| | 51 – 60 years old| 32| 8. | 8. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 2, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents 39. 8% (153) were 20 to 30. 31. 5% (121) were 31 to 40, 20. 3% (78) were 41 to 50, and 8. 3% (32) were 51 to 60. Table 4. 1. 3: The Analysis of Educational Levels using Frequency and Percentage Educational levels| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Bachelor’s degree or lower| 212| 55. 2| 55. 2| 55. 2| | Master’s degree or higher| 172| 44. 8| 44. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 3, indicates that 55. % (212) of respondents held a bachelor’s degree or lower and 44. 8% (172) held a master’s degree or higher. Table 4. 1. 4: The Analysis of Work Position Levels using Frequency and Percentage Work position| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Manager or lower| 214| 55. 7| 55. 7| 55. 7| | Senior manager| 131| 34. 1| 34. 1| 89. 8| | Executive manager| 39| 10. 2| 10. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 4, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents worked as a manager or a lower position: 55. 7% (214), 34. % (131) were senior managers, and 10. 2% (39) were executive managers. Table 4. 1. 5: The Analysis of Household Size Levels using Frequency and Percentage Number of family members(household size)| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 3 or less| 104| 27. 1| 27. 1| 27. 1| | more than 3| 280| 72. 9| 72. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 5, indicates that most households contained more than 3 people 72. 9% (280), and 27. 1% (104) contained 3 people or less. Table 4. 1. 6: The Analysis of Income Levels using Frequency and Percentage Income per month| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Up to 30,000 baht| 217| 56. 5| 56. 5| 56. 5| | Greater than 30,000 baht| 167| 43. 5| 43. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 6, indicates that the highest percentages 56. 5% (217) earned up to 30,000 baht while 43. 5% (167) earned greater than 30,000 baht. Table 4. 1. 7: The Analysis of Time Spent Shopping Levels usuing Frequency and Percentage Total amount of time spent shopping per week| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 2 hours or less| 171| 44. 5| 44. 5| 44. 5| more than 2 hours| 213| 55. 5| 55. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 7, indicates that most respondents 55. 5% (213) spent more than 2 hours shopping, and 44. 5% (171) spent 2 hours or less. 4. 2 Descriptive Analysis Table 4. 2. 1: The Analysis of Situational and Attitudinal Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I am concerned about my health and diet all the time | 384| 3. 85| . 911| I am on a special diet due to a health problem| 384| 2. 96| 1. 207| I often worry about my physical shape and appearance| 384| 2. 8| 1. 269| I do most of the grocery shopping myself| 384| 3. 65| . 985| I always p lan all family meals| 384| 3. 55| . 979| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 1, the researcher found that the highest average of situational and attitudinal factors is 3. 85: those concerned about health (health consciousness) and the lowest average is 2. 96: those on a special diet. The highest standard deviation is 1. 269: those who worry about physical shape and appearance (appearance consciousness) and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 911: those concerned about health (health consciousness).Table 4. 2. 2: The Analysis of Motivational Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| 384| 3. 67| . 989| I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping| 384| 3. 75| . 822| I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins| 384| 3. 63| . 858| I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food| 3 84| 3. 42| . 902| I pay attention to popularity, advertisements, and social trends of vitamin consumption| 384| 3. 0| . 958| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 2, the researcher found that the highest average of motivational factor is 3. 75: those who pay attention to nutritional value and the lowest average is 3. 20: those who pay attention to the popularity, advertisements, and social trends. The highest standard deviation is 0. 989: those who pay attention to price. The lowest standard deviation is 0. 822: those who pay attention to nutrition value. Table 4. 2. 3: The Analysis of Purchase Intention using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 14| 1. 145| I want to recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 28| . 936| I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously| 384| 3. 09| 1. 156| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4 . 2. 3, the researcher found that the highest average of purchase intention is 3. 28: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements, and the lowest average is 3. 09: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements. The highest standard deviation is 1. 56: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 936: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. 4. 3 Inferential Analysis Table 4. 3. 1: The Analysis of the Relationship between Situational & Attitudinal Factors and Motivation using the Person Correlation (Bivariate) Correlations| | MeanSAF| MeanMF| MeanSAF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 638**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| . 638**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 1, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equ al . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000

buy custom As Managing Small Business essay

buy custom As Managing Small Business essay Introduction Contrary to assumptions made by many, running a business is not an easy task and it in deed requires knowledge and skills which are applied into it. Following this notion, it is of great importance for anyone who aspires to be a successful entrepreneur to tirelessly search for knowledge that will enable him or her plan, establish and run his or her business effectively. This follows the notion that businesses have numerous functional systems some of which include inventory systems, sales systems, financial control, communication among workers and logistics systems if only to mention a few. An understanding manager is required to supervise the business and ensure that everything is in its set position and that all the systems are operational. Since the decisions of a manager have a great impact on the business, it is recommended that before people embark on managing their business, they should have the necessary skills to enable them make upright and sound decisions concerning their businesses. Though it might sound easier when mentioned but acquisition of these skills is quite a nagging task that demands ones time, energy and resources. This document gives an in-depth overview on how one can run business and ensure that it flourishes thus outshining all its competitors. It makes a closer observation of the skills that a manager ought to have in order to manage his or her business appropriately and consequently run it properly. To facilitate proper research, the document is divided into various sections all of which reinforce to the main aim of the research: skills necessary for the management of business which can also be referred as strategic management skills. Purpose Like earlier mentioned in the previous section, the chief purpose of this research is to establish the skills that are necessary for creating, operating and managing a small business. The research is directed towards creating a clear understanding why it is necessary to acquire management skills and at the same time apply them in a business. At this particular level, it is of paramount importance to understand that strategic management involves the continuous process of coming up with strategies that make the enterprise profitable and at the same time brings and maintains harmony between the business and its surroundings (Mia, Sands, Iselin, 2011). This is achieved by taking into account all the strengths that business already has and using them to achieve the objectives set for the business. Weaknesses that are likely to hurt the business are on the other hand exploited in the favor of the business. In simpler terms, carrying out the SWOT analysis raises the business on higher grou nds and makes it flourish. Excellent strategies will undoubtedly be associated with various benefits some of which are mentioned below. To start with, strategic management takes into consideration what lies ahead and anticipates for it. This way, strategies are made both logically and rationally which ensures success of the business (Mia, Sands, Iselin, 2011). Another benefit is that management reduces confusion as processes to be followed are designed in such a way that they follow a procedure. Due to its renowned culture of seeking opportunities, proper management is associated with growth. This success consequently adds into the businesses reputation, something that lures more customers into the business, catches and sustains their loyalty. Scope This research will follow a certain trend from its initial stages up to the final mature stage. Collecting of data will be at the very beginning of the survey from various sources some of which are primary and others are secondary. Later on, the collected data will be analyzed and presented in a way that will make it beneficial to other people. Collection of data will involve face-to-face interview and another interview via email. Methodology This research was mainly aimed at gathering qualitative data on the various ways used in establishing and directing strategies and decision making in all activities that relate to creating, operating, and managing the small business (Horrocks King, 2009). All these characteristics have to be studied in relation with aims of the study. As such, the study has to be exploratory with its chief objective being provision of an in-depth explanation on the various methods and steps that ought to be embraced to ensure that a small business maneuver, stabilize, and increase its market share in spite of the innumerable challenges. To guarantee that the research produces practicable results, a questionnaire to be filled by some successful entrepreneurs is vital to get their views and opinions which will act as feedback on what one is expected to do if he or she aspires to succeed in business. The duly completed questionnaires will be used to provide info on the trends that should to be followed in planning for achievement. In addition, they are expected to answer the question of how appropriately the marketing mix can be embrace in order to maximize profits and minimize production cost concurrently. To overcome challenges associated with this research method, precautions are to be seriously taken into consideration in order to improve reliability of the research (Mary, 2010). Some of the problems associated with qualitative research like data load as a result of using open-ended questions will be overcome by ascertaining that the asked questions are clear, correct, accurate and precise thus direct unto the point. In efforts to reduce cost and misuse of time, the budget is to include the essential equipments and leave out the rest that are not so important. Presenting the results in a clear logical language that can be understood by the other people is a special way to eliminate complexity and make the research beneficial not only to the researcher but also to the others (Horrocks King, 2009). Sampling The respondents were sampled focusing on success in their businesses and their willingness to give information honestly. Consideration of their activeness, innovation, industriousness and commitment in business was yet another significant factor that has to be put into account. This follows the notion that different people have varied levels of generosity and some might not be willing to participate in the survey. In the research, a sample frame of active and successful business people was targeted from different walks of life. From this frame, a sample of three individuals was selected for the research depending on their industriousness and the level of intelligence. The sampling was targeting the most competent group of people in order to save time and acquire both high quality and quantity information relevant to the research while filling the questionnaires. Random sampling was used to avoid any bias and ensure that the respondents were balanced in terms of gender. Collecting information from both men and women was chief because it would provide abundant information on the different kinds of impressions that people have concerning running of a business. The major reason for using flourishing business people is because they are more conversant with the various techniques that can be used in entrepreneurship. They were therefore likely to provide information on the various management strategies that can be embraced to succeed. The use of three people was important in the sense that it would make comparison of information from different respondents possible thus increasing the trustworthiness of the results (Seidman, 2006). Instrumentation This research was exclusively reliant on two major instruments for data collection: interview questions and questionnaires which are to be filled during and after the interview. The structured interview type was preferred to the other types due to its evident standardization quality. The method was more fixed than the others having a special guide of questions to follow when conducting the interview (Kajornboon, 2005). The interview was conducted differently with the interviewees being encouraged to talk frankly, openly and provide as much information as possible. This method enabled the respondents to express their opinions and share their knowledge and experiences thus providing answers to the aims of the research. However, caution was taken to ensure that the preset questions are adhered to preventing the respondents from wandering off the main topic. All respondents will be expected to provide answers to smilar questions. Data collection The methods of data collection are mainly attempts to provide answers to some elementary questions on how to properly plan, manage and acquire profits from a personal business (Mary, 2010). Additionally, info as to why the most appropriate management strategies should be embraced would be another major concern while designing the best method of data collection. Questions are bound to follow a certain order from the simplest level to stimulate thinking to the highest level which forms the climax of the interview. Questionnaires had to be sensitively effective in order to increase the feasibility of the research and at the same time consider the privacy of the respondents. As such, there were some things that had to be taken into account while structuring questions. To start with, personal and offensive questions had to be avoided. This is the case because some respondents fidget when such queries are posed to them. The respondent should not also be expected to answer lengthy questions as such questions make irrelevant demands on time, efforts and expense. Questionnaires had also to be designed to collect the aspired information and none other no matter how interesting other stories might seem. This has the implication that questions were not to be confusing-they had to be straight unto the point. It was also wise to choose respondents who have the required knowledge and skills necessary for filling the questionnaires. To encourage respondents to answer all the questions, questions that are of interest to them had to be formulated. This means that questions were to be formulated in align with the prickliest issues relating to running of the business. This convinces the respondents that in deed the research will play a part in solving a particular problem. As such, they are likely to answer the questions both precisely and honestly (Kajornboon, 2005). It was finally important to establish whether using interview and questionnaire methods were really the best channels for data collection. It was an obligation to also view other methods of data collection like observation, and survey and decide which among them would work best before concluding coming to a conclusion. In addition to the above mentioned precautions, the respondents had to be enlightened on the importance of filling the questionnaires honestly. Listening to the views of some people concerning the questionnaire was also relevant before distributing it to the respondents. Some details such as language complication, consistence and credibility of the questions as well as realism of the multiple choices provided in the questionnaires ought to be considered too. Sources As earlier mentioned, all the information provided in this document was gathered through the interview method. These are renowned business people who have been successful in running their businesses as sole proprietors. The chief reason for using this method is to ascertain that info is collected from individuals with first-hand information (Kajornboon, 2005). There were three main people interviewed for this report and all the information was entirely collected from them. The questions that were posed to them have been provided in the appendix at the tail end of this report. Plan of Presentation For the purpose of heightening consistency, this report is represented with all the information in the following format: introduction giving an overview of what the document is all about, purpose, scope, methodology explaining the methods that have been used in gathering info, sources of all the information given analyzed, plan of presentation which is this section itself, discussion of the results of the interviews, nature of work, education requirements to set up the business, likes and dislikes of primary sources, how the small business began their businesses, use of written and oral communications, use of technology and finally the career outlook. Discussion Nature of the work The work demands one to start it both energetically and passionately. Every days work should start by defining all the problems that need to be addressed and then the solutions can be pursued later during the day. This means that every morning, one should have a vivid picture of all that is expected of him or her all through the day. This makes one plan effectively and come up with strategies to achieve of the earlier set objectives of the day (Matt Kuke et al. 2001). Financial obligations of the business for each day should be considered to facilitate proper budgeting. This prevents squandering of resources and at the same time aids in keeping of proper financial records. It is also of great importance to keep listening to the comments, views and opinions of the customers as they are a good source of reliable information which can be used to improve the business (Sandino Merchant, 2009). It is the managers responsibility to take note of all the comments, complaints and opinions by the customers as they are always feedbacks about goods and services offered by the company. Anything from a client should not be ignored; rather, it should be assessed to determine whether there is any relevant area that needs some improvement. This follows the perception humans are normally blind to their own flaws and unless those flaws are spotted by other people, owners can rarely realize them. This is where the customers come in handy: spotting and reporting flaws in a business (Favaro, 2003). Running a caf highly depends on the customers and the community actually plays the greatest role in determining the success of the business. The customers keep requesting for more and more foods, something that obliges the entrepreneur to work hard and exceed their expectations (Favaro, 2003). Since this is not an easy task, he or she must be ready to learn from them. Despite this fact, it is sometimes so unfortunate that one cannot satisfy the wants of all people. This hence fails to quench ones thirst if he or she loves something, say for example serving all people to satisfaction, passionately. Education Requirements Although it is believed that anyone can be a manager, it has been confirmed that it is very hard for one to become a leader. This follows the notion that for one to become a leader, he or she must be perfect in time management and have the respect of all the other people. This refers to all the individuals that have any kind of connection with the business including the suppliers and consumers (Invester Pinch Clinic 2012). In addition, leaders should have the capacity to listen and reciprocate respect to their employees as they form the backbone of company and are the main contributors towards the businesss success (Bradford, 2012). It would thus seem unwise to take the workers for granted by mistreating them and abusing their rights. One should understand that though they are in the lower class than he or she is, they are the very people who have contributed to his or her success. They therefore need to be respected more than even close friends and motivate them to continue working. From this account, a general inference can be made that there is no much academic qualification that is required for starting a caf in Kuwait. This does not however imply that there is totally no any kind of learning that takes place while running the business. The reality is that much learning that takes place in this sector is informal as opposed to the formal education that is obligatory in many other sectors. Informal training in this realm is endless which means that once a person engages in that business, he or she will constantly be learning something day after the other. As a matter of fact, people will never have enough food; they will keep looking for new varieties of food unlike herbivores which feed on herbs all through their lives. Bearing this in mind, an entrepreneur will be obliged to be innovative and creative in order to come up with foodstuffs that can be enjoyed by his or her customers in a number of years (Bradford, 2012). Preparing good food heightens the businesss reputation and it makes people think of the best caf whenever they feel hungry. This has the implication that the only way to win the customers loyalty is to prepare something that best-fits their tastes. They should also be served in the best etiquette in order to lure them. Entrepreneurs ought to understand that iif customers do not get the best products, they are likely to look for it elsewhere (Bradford, 2012). As coming up with a new foodstuff mostly involve the trial and error method, it is necessary for the entrepreneur to indicate to the customers the newly developed foodstuffs and to invite comments from them about it. This form grounds for making decisions on whether to continue preparing the foodstuff or not depending on the profit acquired. Likes and Dislikes of the Job Likes For one to prevail in this business, he or she must value the society and hearken to its request of more and more things to come. This makes the business harder every single day but it should make one more eager to learn from them (Matt Kuke et al., 2001). This is a special and an important component in business as it enables one serve his or her customers appropriately and hence retain them. Additionally, such people are able to receive feedbacks concerning their products and services, something that help them adjust appropriately (Bradford, 2012). Dislikes The fact that one cannot be able to satisfy all his or her customers satisfactorily is one of the major dislikes a success-aspirant entrepreneur. One will often regret the fact that despite it being his or her intention to meet, and when possible exceed, the customers wants, it sometimes becomes impossible as human beings have different likes and tastes (Matt Kuke et al. 2001). Satisfaction is also a virtue that is absent in all humans since their wants are unlimited. As such, it is possible that there will still be complaints even when best services have been provided. Starting the Small Business For someone to start a business and reap something meaningful from it, there must be some source of motivation to drive the person towards his or her preset goals. It is however quite difficult, if not totally impossible, for one to succeed in doing something that has no any source of motivation. It is advisable for people to start businesses that make meaning to them and they make sense from it. It is important to note that when one loves something, he or she is able to give it his or her best, become creative and move an extra mile. From this point of view, three main components necessary for a business to succeed can be identified: determination, uniqueness and love for the customers (Bradford, 2012). Use of Technology Unlike with the other businesses, running a caf in Kuwait does not require any use of technology. The business is more craft oriented hence the business becomes less demanding in terms of technological devices and engineers to operate them (Baron Armstrong, 2005). This reduces production cost and it consequently increases the returns. Contrary to many peoples expectation, keeping of records does not depend on any form of technology; instead, it is done manually. Career outlook Generally, it can be inferred that starting a personal business in Kuwait is way cheaper as compared to other developed countries like the United States. In Kuwait, there is little emphasis on the use of technology in running cafeterias which is a contrast with the United States where the requirement is averse. Other requirements required to start a personal cafeteria are quite low including educational qualifications of both the workers and the entrepreneur him or herself. Purpose of the performance management system A company is considered successful if it is able to attain its goals at the preset time. In other words, an organization becomes effective when it accomplishes its goals through the realization of the vision and mission of the company (Asim, Erica, Koliba, 2011). Performance management helps in communicating the objectives and the goals of the organization, joining people together to work as a team, evaluate individuals performance, as well as providing credible results of the companys performance. Strategic performance management is crucial since it determines the kind of progress taking place within the company. This implies that if the performance management is bad, then the outcomes of the companys performance will be bad and vice versa. Another benefit of strategic performance is the fact that it helps in creating a capable workforce (Baron Armstrong, 2005). This means that both the company leaders and employees are able to work together and share ideas which they think could be important in developing the company. There are healthy relationships created among the employees and this ascertains that their time is perfectly utilized avoiding any instances of unhealthy relationships such as sexual relationships, something that would contribute to nepotism within the business. All areas that could be hindrances to the well-being of the company are identified and any the appropriate measures are to prevent inconveniences within the organization. Strategic performance management also helps in improving employees motivation. Motivation can simply be defined as the instinct to perform the assigned tasks within the company (Ohemeng Frank, 2011). When workers are self-motivated, efficiency within the company is improved because they perform on themselves under less supervision. Additionally, the kind of work that they give produce is of higher quality ensuring that the companys products are of a recommendable quality too. Commitment consequently leads to the other benefit of strategic performance management. It builds a credible employees commitment to the company. Where performance management is well used, an adequate process of identifying and eliminating all the performance barriers are devised (Guthrie Messersmith, 2010). Managers are able to discern all the sectors that are performing poorly and subsequently assess what could be the root cause of the poor performance. Some examples of performance barriers could be inadequa te tools and equipments, improper supervision within a particular sector, poor culture and hazy representation of the vision of the company. When these are evident, appropriate measures are taken to ensure that the company does not recede and any instances of collapsing are reduced. Finally, strategic performance management helps in creating a performance culture, also known as the organizational culture (Mia, Sands, Iselin, 2011). Organizational culture refers to the kind of environment created by the constant interactions between the employees and their workplace. An organizational culture is important because it ensures there are healthy relationships within the organization, both the leaders and the employees are able to conceptualize the goals of the company, minimizes go-slows, encourage team work and the company is able to make more returns. When all these are collectively achieved, the company skyrockets above its opponents and thrives in its environment (Lffler Bovaird, 2009). Difference between Managing a Business in Kuwait and in the US The use of technology is important in record keeping and for tax reasons. Considering that businesses in Kuwait lay less emphasis on integration of technology in record keeping, it is likely that tax collection is not as effective as it is with the other nations such as the United States. It is also important to note that a business is not based on public speaking but rather on good interpersonal communications and social networking (Mia, Sands, Iselin, 2011). This means that there should be a perfect network between the suppliers, customers and the business itself to enhance proper working environment and therefore stimulate growth of the business. Conclusion Bearing in mind the cost of starting a business in the United States and comparing it with Kuwait, it can be inferred that setting up a business in Kuwait is cheaper as compared to the US. The management of the business is also different in the two countries as Kuwait has fewer restrictions on keeping of records. This shows that competition in Kuwait is not as tight as it is in the United States. As already observed earlier, proper management is crucial for the running of the business. It enables a business achieve its goals and keeps the investment focused hence avoiding risks. To become a business manager, it all takes passion, humility and self devotion to ones business. Buy custom As Managing Small Business essay

The Beauty of Space essays

The Beauty of Space essays Staring into the night sky, a person could easily become overwhelmed thinking about what lies beyond our solar system. Is there life in other galaxies? What really makes up the universe? Does the universe have an end? These are common questions we find ourselves asking that even the most educated astrological scientist cannot answer. Perhaps the best way of beginning to understand the expanses of space is to look at less abstract elements and focus more on occurrences with substantial scientific evidence to explain their existence. Two prime examples of more concrete spacial findings are the phenomena known as white dwarfs and supernovae. By comparing and contrasting this couple, we are setting a path towards better grasping the complex concepts that accompany cosmology (the study of the universe). All stars produce enough heat in their core to facilitate what is known as fusion. Fusion takes place when an element, such as hydrogen, melds two of its atoms together to form a new element, helium. And once all the hydrogen in the star has fused to helium, helium begins to fuse into carbon. However, the helium in the stellar core will eventually run out as well; so in order to survive, a star must be hot enough to fuse progressively heavier elements, as the lighter ones become exhausted one by one (Supernovae). The heavier stars in the universe have no problem continuing to fuse elements until they reach iron. Iron causes a problem because it is the first element reached by a star that requires energy to fuse it together instead of giving off energy. As iron fusion attempts to take place it saps thermal energy from the core and therefore reduces the internal pressure. Without added pressure, the outer layers of the star begin to feel the effects of gravity and th us collapses on itself very quickly (Supernovae). What happens next depends on the mass of the star. Stars with a m ...

Is the performance appraisal enough to guarantee better employee Essay

Is the performance appraisal enough to guarantee better employee performance - Essay Example 8) What will be the impact of each alternative on employee performance? 4. Research Design 4.1 Research Method: The research is both descriptive and causal in nature. In the descriptive part, the research will identity the findings of previous researchers regarding the effectiveness of performance appraisal in guaranteeing employee performance. After the descriptive analysis, the research will establish a link between the how strongly related performance appraisal is with employee performance and what other factors might be possible causes of employee performance. Both the primary and secondary sources will be used which are detailed as follows: Secondary Sources: The purpose of the desk research portion of the study is to gain hard data on pre-existing performance appraisal templates and their known outcomes, in real-life business environments, to gain an understanding of how the process is implemented and how employees have historically responded to these methodologies. Additionall y, this secondary research effort will improve understanding of what drives motivational responses in modern worker populations, based on performance criteria laid out by real-life organisations. During the course of the research, alternative methodologies other than the performance appraisal, designed to build better human capital, will be explored. It will act as the foundational knowledge necessary to approach fulfilment of the study’s objectives and build an appropriate primary research design strategy (Nargundkar, 2003). The procedure will entail consultation with appropriate journals and textbooks that describe performance-related phenomenon in the organisational environment (Smith, 2008). Additionally, reputable website content will... The paper tells that the purpose of the desk research portion of the study is to gain hard data on pre-existing performance appraisal templates and their known outcomes, in real-life business environments, to gain an understanding of how the process is implemented and how employees have historically responded to these methodologies. Additionally, this secondary research effort will improve understanding of what drives motivational responses in modern worker populations, based on performance criteria laid out by real-life organisations. During the course of the research, alternative methodologies other than the performance appraisal, designed to build better human capital, will be explored. It will act as the foundational knowledge necessary to approach fulfilment of the study’s objectives and build an appropriate primary research design strategy. The procedure will entail consultation with appropriate journals and textbooks that describe performance-related phenomenon in the o rganisational environment. Additionally, reputable website content will be consulted as provided by university leadership across the globe and case study representations of motivational theory and the use of performance appraisals as a means of fostering improved organisational and worker efficiency. Case studies of various organizations in London shall be used for initial exploratory findings. Results from a study conducted by students of University of Cranfield regarding the IiP shall also be used.