Constitution

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW TUTORIAL DISCUSSION 2 a) Discuss the fundamental difference between the provisional organic law and the ruling under Kaseng v Namaliu. The provisional laws are organic laws that were enacted before the constitution came into operation. The organic laws were enacted by the National Constituent Assembly before the Independence. According to section 266 of the constitution it states: (1) If before Independence Day the constituent assembly has made an instrument expressed to be a provisional organic law, the instrument takes effect, on Independence Day, as if it were an organic law made and coming into effect on that day. 2) If before Independence Day the constituent assembly has made an instrument expressed to be a provisional act of parliament made for the purpose of bringing any provision of this constitution into effective operation on Independence Day, as if it were an act of parliament made and coming into effect on that day. Therefore the provisional organic law s take its effect on the independence day of Papua New Guinea on the 16th of September 1975. The organic laws were adopted into the constitution and ‘force of laws’ were given to these provisional laws.Thus the provisional organic laws were enacted and came into operation together with the constitution since the constitution has to come into power first before it expressly authorised the organic laws as stated in section 12(1) (a) where it state; â€Å"an organic law is a law made by the Parliament in respect of a matter of provision for which by way of an organic law is expressly authorised by the constitution. † However in the case of Kaseng and Namaliu [1995] PNGLR 481 the premiere for western province Isidore kaseng on behalf of all premieres is arguing against the passing of constitutional amendment No 16.In this case the authorising law which is the constitutional amendment No 16 is not yet being enforced when they propose to amend the organic law on provin cial government, thus the passing of the OLPGLLG was referred to as void by kaseng because it is inconsistent with the constitution under section 12(1) (a). Therefore the fundamental difference between the situation in the ruling of kaseng v Namaliu and the provisional organic laws is that on the former case the enactment of the provisional law takes place at different times while the proposal law and constitutional Amendment 16 occur at the same time on the latter case. ) Discussion Discuss the case of NTN pty v The State [1986] PNGLR 167 In this case the contract was between the NTN pty the applicant and the State. Here the state went into an agreement with the NTN pty to start a commercial television station to an existing one. They agreed to start their broadcasting according to clause 4. 2 of their contract on 14 July 1986. The NTN pty limited then got itself a licence and venture into the business. However there was a change in the government on July 10 1986.The new government through the parliament exercised its legislative power under section 109(3) (b) and enforced a new parliamentary act the radiocommunication (television) regulation in 1986. This act prohibits the broadcast of television until 31st January 1988. Thus, from this cause the NTN pty filed a case against the validity of the act. The state claim that the electromagnetic spectrum is within the borders of PNG and so no one has the right to access it since it’s the property of PNG unless given permission.The state further on to claim that the act made is not against the fundamental right to freedom and expression and publication. Therefore the NTN pty applied to the national court pursuant to section 57 of the constitution claiming its right to the freedom of information under section 46 of the constitution. Thus the situation went into appeal to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court held that the Act was unconditional since it did not comply with section 38 and it also violet the a pplicant’s right to publish and broadcast information under section 46 of the constitution. (c) Discussion i) How the constitution can be altered as specified under section 13 According to section 13 of the constitution it states â€Å"this constitution may be altered only by law made by the Parliament that- (a) Is expressed to be a law to alter this constitution; and (b) Is made and certified in accordance with section 14 (making of alterations to the constitution and organic laws). Therefore section 13 clearly state that to make alteration to the constitution the law must be expressly authorised by the constitution and also it must in accordance and certified with section 14 of the constitution.Section 14 provides with the steps to follow before a proposed law is introduced into the parliament. When it enters the parliament the speaker will then certify that law in the parliament. Thus to alter the proposed law to the constitution by the parliament that same formality must be followed with the support of the majority of votes as stated in section 17 of the constitution. (ii) In the making of alteration of the constitution and the organic laws under section 14 and 17 of the constitution, the procedure the parliament has to follow is firstly to propose a law to alter the constitution or organic law.Since these are no ordinary laws the laws must be carefully supported by a majority of vote as stated in section 17 of the constitution whereby it states â€Å" subject to this section, in relation to a proposed law to alter a provision of this constitution the prescribed majority of votes for the purpose of section 14 ( making of alterations to the constitution and the organic laws) is the majority of votes prescribed by this constitution in relation to that provision, or if no majority is prescribed a two third majority vote. However the parliament must debate this proposed law during different meetings of the parliament and separated in time by at least two months as stated in section 14 (2) (a) (b). further on section 14 (2) (b) state â€Å"†¦the proposed law must be published by the speaker in full in the National Gazette, and calculated, in accordance with the standing of the parliament, to all members of the parliament not less than one month before it is formally introduced into the parliament. When the proposed law finally circulated to all members of the parliament then the speaker will announce under the National seal and according to the parliament standing orders section 100, when the procedure is complete the new law will then come into operation. Therefore the alteration to the constitution and organic law can be done at this stage. Bibliography Kwa E . L, 2008, Constitutional law of Papua New Guinea, UPNG Press, PNG, p. 27. Kwa E .L, 2001, PAPUA NEW GUINEA CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, UPNG Printery, PNG, p. 10. PNG Law Report. UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA CONSTITUTIONAL LAW TUTORIAL TWO NAME: LETIARA PELLIE ID NUMBER: 2 0131227 PROGRAM: LLB 1 TUTORIAL DAY: WEDNESDAY 5-6PM TUTOR: LECTURER: AFREN MENEI DUE DATE: 22/03/13 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Kwa E L 2008 Constitutional Law of Papua New Guinea UPNG press PNG p27 [ 2 ]. PNG Law report [ 3 ]. Kwa L E 2001, PAPUA NEW GUINEA CONSTITUTIONAL LAW, UPNG Printery PNG p, 10.

High school Essay

Education Does the perfect high school exist? Is there a school out there in which the students are all nice and responsible, every teacher enforces learning on the classroom, and the school system always makes wise decisions? No, probably not. At least, not any school I have ever heard of. There are multiple problems affecting high schools today, usually being either issues personally affecting an individual student, or issues affecting the whole school. Some examples of these problems may be: bullying, dropping out, not studying or doing homework, getting pregnant, not being taught to a full extent, financial issues, and etcetera. Like most problems, there is always a solution that we could benefit from. One of the most major issues hurting high schools today has to do with students being lazy. Teens go to school for the majority of their day, which is typically seven hours. Once they finally get home, it is safe to assume that the last thing on students’ minds is homework. They think â€Å"I have been at school allllll day! This is my time to relax; I do not want to do school work anymore! † So instead, they choose to sit down and watch Jersey Shore or log onto their Facebook accounts. In â€Å"The Liberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut† by Todd Gitlin, he talks about comedy writer Larry Gelbart referring to media as â€Å"weapons of mass distraction. † If you think about it, this is pretty accurate. Televisions, the internet, etc are nothing but examples of distraction. Most teenagers are not responsible enough to think â€Å"I cannot watch TV right now, I have to study,† so they usually spend the rest of their night watching TV, causing a failing grade on the next day’s test. Teens in high school are not fully matured. Obviously, if they were mature, they would realize the importance of their grades as opposed the importance of who got in a fight on Jersey Shore. Due to this fact, I think we should â€Å"Let Teenagers Try Adulthood. † In this passage, Leon Botstein supports his idea to give teens a chance at adult life. As I have mentioned, teenagers are not mature enough to make decisions that will be good for their future. So why not let them graduate at the age of sixteen in order for them to understand the significance of being a responsible, mature person? Letting them graduate earlier could more than likely help students realize that it is time to grow up and take action for their lives. And maybe then, less time will be spent watching television, and more time will be spent on productive things†¦ mainly because they would not have a choice! Another major problem in high schools is the extremely high rate of students dropping out of school early. Teens drop out of school for multiple different reasons. Some leave school to escape bullying. There is always that one kid who is bullied so much, he just cannot stand it any longer. This is usually the kid in the back of the classroom, trying to stay hidden from everyone else, not doing assignments or paying attention. Scurrilous peers tend to make students want to stay at home forever, and never come back to school. Dropping out of school may be the victim’s way of getting away. Some students drop school simply because of boredom. They get tired of doing the same thing, every day. They feel as though they are not getting anything from it. In David S. Broder’s â€Å"A Model for High Schools,† he states that â€Å"Too many students are dropping out of high school, bored or dissatisfied with what it offers. † Throughout my three years of high school, I have seen numerous issues arise. Due to these many issues, personally, I do not like high school a bit. The problem most chronic would definitely have to be teen pregnancy. I remember during my freshman year, there were about twenty different young girls roaming the halls with a baby bump. During my sophomore year, there were twelve. The majority of the young women in high school that are getting pregnant end up dropping out and totally ignoring their education in order to raise their child. Those who do not drop out still have to miss tons of days due to their pregnancy and child birth†¦ which means, these students will get very far behind in their work, and will have to catch up on their own. Now, I am not saying that these girls should not raise their children, or that they do not have a reason to be absent frequently, I am simply saying this: Do not get pregnant in the first place! Education should always come first. Once they miss that month of school, it is going to be extremely difficult for them to catch up on their work. Because of this, most students will just give up and drop out. No one wants to be stupid, have a child at 16, and have to work at McDonald’s just to buy diapers and a box of Cheerios! Although there are still many issues arising in high schools all throughout America, these are more than likely the worst. Laziness and irresponsibility, dropping out, and getting pregnant can all cause students to end up with no education whatsoever, and lead them to a life of serving customers at the local Wal-Mart.

Philosophy of Language Senior Course Paper Essay

Philosophy of Language Senior Course Paper - Essay Example When a mathematician is presented with the equation, 38 + 16, instinctively, the mathematician would respond by adding the two terms while computing for its sum. Thus, the mathematician would reply, claiming that the sum of 38 and 16 is equal to 54. Given this example, what does ‘+’ mean? Does the mathematician really know what was meant by ‘+’ in the equation? Does it pertain to the computational procedure for adding two values, or does it pertain to something else? How can one tell what the mathematician meant? This paper will attempt to formulate a sufficient theory of meaning with regards to the use of ‘+.’ In doing so, I will argue that an intensional framework must be taken into account as opposed to a purely extensional framework. From a general perspective, the issue revolves around the relation between two fundamental concepts, truth and meaning. Truth, from a logical point of view, has traditionally been thought of as extensional. So t he truth of a given expression is associated with it’s meaning in terms of logical structure, reference, and truth-value. This move of neglecting meaning in relation to that of the sense of a given expression is what this paper shall argue against by using ‘+’ as its test case throughout the paper. For herein, to say that 36 + 16 = 54 could mean two things: ‘36 plus 16,’ and ‘36 quus 16,’ with both referring to 54. It is in this regard that a theory of intensions must be taken into account. For, if a person is presented with an equation involving ‘+’, how can one know as to whether that person meant ‘+’ as plus or ‘+’ as quus? What makes the interlocutor assume what is being referred to by the use of ‘+’? Herein is where the problem of rule following comes into light, for if what we are after is semantics, then it seems paradoxical that we refer to general rules from which a class parti cipates in. Rule following applies in the level of syntax, for verifying what the individual knows privately is not required in such cases. Indeed, the problem with ‘+’, as explicated by Kripke is that ‘+’ is understood to represent a semantic rule rather than a syntactical rule, and a semantic rule following leads to several problems with regards to the meaning and truth of ‘+’ statements. Thus, Kripke argues that â€Å"it is possible to construct an unlimited range of related but non-equivalent semantic rules, incorporating the potential truth conditions C1, C2, †¦ Cn respectively, such that there are simply no facts at all about the speaker’s use of ‘+’ that determines which, if any, of these possible rules the speaker has actually adopted† (Wilson, 2006, p.155). Therefore, this points towards the problem of indeterminacy, since according to Kripke, discovering the truth conditions of the speaker’s use of + is not possible, since there is no specific semantic rule that underlies one’s use of ‘+’, regardless of its truth function. However, this creates a problem with regards to the use of ‘+’ in language, for if ‘+’ could mean several things at the same time and in the same respect, then that would lead to the ambiguity of ‘+’ which cannot be, for it is used in disciplines such as mathematics and logic. It is a common thing

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley - Assignment Example However, San Francisco’s water needs mean they are interested in damming the valley. The city argues that engineer reports indicate the valley to be the best source for sufficient water. They also state that the domestic water needs of the city’s population far outweigh the interests of campers in the valley. The anti-damming side argues that the engineer reports are faulty and unreliable, not exhausting other possible water sources for the city. Besides, damming the valley upholds the immoral and selfish commercial exploitation of nature. I advise you to vote against the Bill on the rationale that this will allow for the involvement of all stakeholders in deliberating on the issue and independent engineer investigations, both of which have been foregone in the preparation of the current bill. Background on the Hetch Hetchy and the Raker Bill: The Hetch Hetchy is a valley in California, closely related with the Yosemite Valley and lying in the wider Sierra Nevada mountain ranges (Hetch Hetchy Timeline 1). In light of the rapid commercial expansionism of America at the expense of the environment, the Harrison administration legislated and converted the entire area into the Yosemite National Park on March 3, 1891. A notable figure in sparking public awareness on conservationism and, in particular, the need to conserve the natural setting of California was John Muir, who has later headed the Sierra Club to protect the established park (United States Mint 1). Geographically, the Yosemite National Park consists of the Yosemite Valley and the Hetch Hetchy Valley (History Matters 5-6).

Research Paper -Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Paper -Internet - Essay Example The introduction as well as the implementation of the medium of internet not only have changed the daily lives of the people or the users but also have led towards the advancements of their profession as well as private lives by a significant level. The significance of internet can be better understood by taking into concern its broad usage in different segments that include education, business, and entertainment among others. In this similar context, it has been viewed that the medium of the internet has imposed considerable impact upon the education sector. In relation to the education segment, the internet is extensively utilized by the students for the purpose of collecting valuable information in relation to different subject matters. Moreover, the teachers also use the medium of the internet in order to develop their understandings and most importantly to raise their skills to a greater extent. Apart from the teachers as well as the students relating to education segment, the b usiness professionals along with the other professionals such as the lawyers and the doctors among others also use internet with the intention of acquiring valuable information that would ultimately aid in developing their skills or competencies. With regard to the business segment, most of the organizations intend to introduce and develop their respective online channels or websites in order to raise their productivity, augment customer level and accomplish superior competitive position over their chief business market competitors. In relation to entertainment segment, it has been observed that the medium of internet has served the users or the general public in

The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress Term Paper

The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress - Term Paper Example At the same time, originality is not a quality that rigidly means that no one has ever performed that research before, indeed John Stuart Mill’s thesis, On Liberty, for the most part is actually a break-down of an ancestor’s work while Mill only interjects a few new thoughts. Although John Stuart Mill was not 100% original, he is still considered an original in his field because of a few breakthrough philosophies in economics: non-competing groups, joint products, alternative costs, the economics of the firm, supply and demand and Say’s law. These novel ideas although not entirely new are attributed to Mill because of his command of language and his analytic work. Originality is a measurement for scientific progress only if the originality accomplishes three things: it discovers a novelty or innovative piece of information; it adds more information to a theory, thus improving on it, or it can negate the truth of a widely-held belief. In all, originality has to ch arter man toward development and truth. Another criteria to evaluate the efficiency of originality is the closer investigation and refinement of theories already engineered. The purpose of originality is to necessary clash with an existing order since each new idea has to continually challenge man to question, revise and reform theories and accepted truths. Originality is not synonymous with development, however, it is positive because it carries a power that can revolutionize, shake and remake – a characteristic much needed in science. Also a risk that must be taken is the infiltration of error in the name of originality. â€Å"The Wealth of Nations (1776) is an intellectual watershed. Adam Smith’s System of Natural Liberty (Laissez Faire) represents a sharp break with the past with respect to the relations of citizens to government and the economy.† Composed by Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations is a historical text which advances the idea of capitalism and lai ssez-faire liberalism. Both philosophies manage to lay the groundwork for America’s government and economy. Adam Smith tends to revive a liberalism of a country’s local economy and the international market. Preceding capitalism and laissez-faire liberalism is a restrictive and imperialistic order controlled by the State. Smith stands out as a great economist since â€Å"great economists are those who influence the profession as a whole, and this they can do only if their doctrines do not involve too great a change from the views and knowledge of †¦the science† (Stigler 3). Smith blazes a trail in the field of economics advocating capitalism and laissez faire liberalism. His views are widely accepted because they fall in line with the predominant socio-political climate in America during the proclamation of independence and promote the interests of equality, meritocracy and industry in a society damaged by aristocratic prejudice and royalist oppression. Smit h’s view is to encourage a liberalization of the world market with no barriers to trade. Instead of an insular, local market, Smith lives and writes The Enlightenment period of world history during which the light of reason shines. Absolute control is no longer pleasing to the enlightened ear. Instead, independence obtains wide currency. In view of the change in American government from monarchy to democracy, Smith sees the need to break away from the old order of transacting business. The year is 1776 in which the rays of the Enlightenment burst forth; as a result, thinkers are developing new

Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Individualism - Essay Example The major schools of thought can be broken down into biocentrism, sentientism, ratiocentrism and anthropomorphism (weak and strong). In attempting to discover which of these views is most justified, it is necessary to understand the basic ideas each school of thought represents. Biocentrism is, roughly speaking, a system in which the criterion for inherent worth is based upon the simple-seeming criterion of whether one lives or not. Because all living things have the right to exist, we, as thinking beings, hold moral responsibility to ensure that we do not interfere with this right. â€Å"[Taylor] contends that in addition to our moral obligations toward our fellow humans, we also owe duties to wild living things in their own right †¦ He agrees with Goodpaster’s argument that one can deny that non-humans have rights and yet hold that they are moral patients toward whom moral agents have duties and responsibilities† (Kocer, 2001). Being the center of a life force is grounds enough to fulfill to the biocentrist viewpoint, but this introduces problems as one must consider that all life forms must hold inherent worth equally – the human as well as the cockroach – despite obvious differences in understanding and awareness. As even Taylor hints, there must be something more to the question than simply the idea that one respirates and reproduces. This is where the ideas of sentientism arise. While philosophers such as Singer suggest that this term is applied to any creature that demonstrates capacity to feel pleasure or pain, â€Å"the term ‘sentient’ refers more broadly to consciousness of something or other, rather than to consciousness of pleasure and pain specifically† (Jamieson, 2003: 192). However, when it is applied in this sense, it is usually limited to the view of something being able to express it is feeling pleasure or pain. Under this view, things gain inherent

Gypsy Fashion Deco Co. The Global Expansion Essay

Gypsy Fashion Deco Co. The Global Expansion - Essay Example The paper "Gypsy Fashion Deco Co. The Global Expansion" discovers the gypsy fashion deco co. and global expansion. GFDC started out as an experimental fashion company already applying its credo. With only a cutter, hi-speed sewer, a contractual bookkeeper and another contractual accountant, it launched a website maintained by an independent web-serving company. Demands grew in about six months so that GFDC had to set up and maintain its own website, as well as cater to its growing clientele. While in its first three months, there were only about two clothe items finished in a day, and there was only a weekly update of website, these have to be changed. Everyday, since it hired additional fashion purchaser, cutters and sewers, as well as a web designer and programmer, there are about 20 solo products made available in the website, so that everyday, the website need to be updated. GFDC was able to cope with this set up until global demands flooded the company. To maintain its ever-grow ing consumer market, GFDC had to set-up country branches, source out more skilled workers, both sewers and cutters, as well as purchasers and fashion designers in its major product destinations London, New York, Shanghai and the Middle East’s Dubai. The internet market had growing demands due to the expansion, and to remain competitive, global delivery and outsourcing became necessary. The management which had grown adept to the small-scale setting is suddenly faced with the dilemma of multifold expansion and to deliver., it has to adopt the enterprise architecture of its information technology system integrating the whole global expansion project into one working dynamic group. Identification of Major Enterprise Architecture Issues Organizational Issues: Organizational, Management, People, Culture Expansion of departments Inter-department cooperation Research and development Data, Information & Knowledge Issues: New system addressing intranet and internet work flow and sharing Standardized design Information Technology Issues: Ease of website update Website potential in attracting consumers Business Process, Policy & Procedure Issues: Corporate strategic plans Extended guiding principles Scope Environmental dynamics Goals and objectives Architecture Issues: Organization structure Business area structure Role players and actors Business rules and commitment Analysis of the Major Enterprise Architecture Issues Schekkerman (2005) acknowledges that enterprise architecture "is about understanding all of the different elements that go to make up the enterprise and how those elements inter-relate," facilitating factual and actual knowledge on the existence of the enterprise and everything that keeps it going. Raines (1997) likewise added that enterprise architecture "is the explicit description of the current and desired relationships among business and management process and information technology. It describes the target situation which the agency wishes to create and maintain by managing its IT portfolio." It was discussed further by Sheckkerman (2005) that by the end of this year (2006), Global 2000 organizations are already expected to have integrated holistic enterprise architecture, enterprise program management, enterprise strategy or planning, and information t

Why Oil Prices are dropping Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Oil Prices are dropping - Case Study Example The case is even difficult for the countries, considering that for a country like Iran would need the price of oil to remain at $136, if it is to be able to support its growing economy (Al Mulla, n.p.). The major issue in this case is the reason why oil prices are dropping (Al Mulla, n.p.). This is a major issue, due to the fact that the dropping of the oil prices is sudden and also unexpected. The other major issue in this case is why the oil producing countries are not doing anything to correct the issue of dropping oil prices. Considering that the low process for oil is in fact harmful to the economies of these countries, it is expected that the oil producing countries should be doing something by now, to see the prices of oil increase to levels that can benefit their economies. The economic theory of demand and supply is applicable in this case. The theory states that when the supply is high, the prices of a commodity are low. However, when the supply is reduced, the demand for the commodity in the market increases, and with high demand in the market, the price increases. According to the economic theory of demand and supply, the oil producing countries are able o to see an increase in the prices of oil. This is because, the prices f oil are currently low, which then means that those countries can cut their supply of oil into the global markets to increase its demand, and consequently its price. However, as the case has turned out to be, the oil producing countries are not cutting down their oil supply into the market in order to increase demand and prices of oil. In this respect, it can therefore be observed that the conventional economic law of demand and supply is not operating in this case. The conclusion in this case is that the reason for the dropping oil prices is not the normal operation of demand and supply forces in the oil market. There are other unrelated factors that are accounting for this occurrence. The theory of

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Essay

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc - Essay Example In the case of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission vs. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc the court decided to lay precedent on the issue. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc are a clothing company in the United States (Bittker, Idleman & Ravitch, 138). The company requires its employees to follow a look policy, which does not allow them to wear black caps and clothes. The clothes reflected the style of the business and the employees were to wear this to advertise the company. Sullivan talks about how its hard to exercise religious freedom in the country. Abercrombie does not define the meaning of the cap in their business constitution. Samantha Elauf, a Muslim, in 2008 applies for a job in Abercrombie. She wears a headscarf daily and even during her interview, she was wearing the hijab as part of the Muslim religion. Samantha Elauf does not get an opportunity to join the company because of the look policy of the enterprise. The company has lowered her rating on the section of appearance because of the headscarf. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission sues the company for violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for denying her chance of employment due to the headscarf. The company argues that she was to inform the individual interviewing her that she needed accommodation from the look policy of the enterprise. The company insisted that she should have told the interviewer that the headscarf expressed her religion.

University of Maryland Essay Example for Free

University of Maryland Essay Everything that a man wishes to happen in life comes at the right time and with a great purpose. It is my foremost ambition to complete a business degree and be successful in the future. All of my dreams and aspirations in life will be made possible once I accumulate my diploma from the University of Maryland. My name is (insert your name here) and I am currently a sophomore student at (insert name of your university). There are underlying factors why I opt to move out from this school and choose University of Maryland as my destination for a Business degree. Going to a university which is a plane ride away from home is really a big struggle for me. I miss the comfort of being with my family and friends. I wish to study at the University of Maryland because if its strategic location which is only a car ride away from home. It will make my education hassle free since I will consider it as my second home. Aside from this, University of Maryland has a wide array if academic resources that will really help me in learning more about my desired field. Professors who are business experts will teach me things about thing that I barely know about the subject matter. The business program best offered by this university will take me another step closer to my ambition. I believe that my future in business will really succeed since I will be completing a degree in a school that recruits the finest students. I am looking forward to the many days of studies at the University of Maryland. I wish to transfer in a respectable institution that will aid me in making all my dreams a reality come true.

Tobacco Mosaic Virus Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Mosaic Virus Essay Hosts for Tomatoe Mosaic Virus include tobacco, tomato, and other solanaceous plants. TMV enters the plant cell through minor wounds. The virus can also contaminate seed coats, and the plants germinating from these seeds can become infected. Once TMV enters the cell, the virus particles disassemble in an organized manner to expose the TMV RNA. The virus RNA is positive-sense, or + sense, and serves directly as a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is translated using host ribosomes. Translation of the replicase-associated proteins (RP) than begins. As soon as these proteins have been synthesized, the replicase associates with the 3 end of the + sense TMV RNA for the production of a negative sense RNA. The sense RNA is the template to produce both full-length genomic + sense RNA as well as the + sense subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs). The sgRNAs are translated by the host ribosomes to produce the movement protein (MP) (30 kDa) and the coat protein (CP). These virus particles are very stable and, at some point when the cells are broken or the leaf dries up, they are released to infect new plants. Alternatively, the + sense TMV RNA is wrapped in a movement protein, and this can infect adjacent cells. TMV uses its movement protein to spread from cell-to-cell through plasmodesmata, which connect plant cells. Normally, the plasmodesmata are too small for passage of intact TMV particles. The movement protein (probably with some unknown assistance) enlarges the plasmodesmatal openings so that TMV RNA can move to the adjacent cells, release the movement protein and host proteins, and initiate a new round of infection. As the virus moves from cell to cell, it eventually reaches the plants vascular system (veins) for rapid systemic spread through the phloem to the roots and tips of the growing plant.

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval

Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval Adopting MapReduce and Hummingbird for Information Retrieval in dedicated cloud Environment Dr. Piyush Gupta Chandelkar Kashinath K. Abstract: Data collected in section 3 indicated the number of active internet users across the globe. The collected chunks of information termed as Big Data not only utilizes physical resources into the network, but also leads to increase in human and financial resources. Cloud computing being a technology with IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) provides virtual resources on pay per use policy. MapReduce being widely used Algorithm is used in line with Hummingbird Search engine for information retrieval. Keywords: MapReduce, SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, Hummingbird, Big data 1. Introduction One of the papers published in International conference at Jaipur, entitled â€Å"The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System† [21] elaborates on existence of humming bird algorithm on 15th birthday of Google. In existence with previous Google algorithms like panda 3.5, page rank and penguin, hummingbird is a new replacement of full engine instead of repairing individual modules. This has affected 90% of data across the globe. Migrating MapReduce algorithm on cloud environment using Hadoop, not only improves performance due to cloud features but also the efficiency is increased with cost minimization. 2. Problem Fig-1: Data center Source: IBM Enterprise System Fig-1 gives a snapshot of engineers working at data centers who manages information from diverse platforms and resources. Managing hardware and Network with virtualized resources needs dedicated young talent. When it comes to end user, he gets an average service as a result of improper management of data centers. MapReduce is one of the best known algorithms used for IR (Information Retrieval) in addition with existing algorithms as explained in section 7. Due to exponential increase in smart devices that supports voice based search, definitely needs fast and efficient searching algorithm for information retrieval. The voice based search assists to make smart decisions in real time applications like place identification, weather forecast and medical assistance using android based applications. 3. Why problem is important Fig-2: Global Internet users Source: W3 Foundation Looking at data increase across the globe as shown in Fig-2 (data collected till July 1, 2014) [19], the pilled content in repositories is increasing worldwide. It requires huge amount of hardware resources running for years to extract information and knowledge for decision making. The big challenge in big data is ever increasing content utilizing human resource and cost to create chunks in available networks across the globe, which needs attention. 4. It is an unsolved problem From the following relevant reviewed literature (table-1), it gives a blueprint that the problem has still remained unsolved. The authors have either focused on cloud components [6] [11] or had used traditional Google Components during the analysis. Since Hummingbird Algorithm [10] is not keyword based the searching criteria have changed. When combined with MapReduce [1] [3] [15] in cloud environment shall definitely yield efficient results with minimum cost and resources. Table-1: Existing Systems compared 5. Here is my idea Fig-3: Proposed Information Retrieval System Being cloud computing [4] [6] is upcoming Technology as discussed in section -7.2, is a good source of virtualized resources that helps to manage content on diverse platform irrespective of geographical boundaries. An instance of Hadoop that supports MapReduce Algorithm (elaborated in sec-7) is migrated in cloud environment using SaaS (Software as a Service) to whom input is diverted for processing. Hummingbird (more in section-7) Algorithm is a brand new search engine designed to understand meaning from acquired query instead of word, is imparted to collect output from MapReduce instance. The collected output on Amazon S3 cluster is efficiently and effectively delivered to end user based on voice based request, in addition to traditional systems for efficient decision making in the field of medicine, scientific research and so on. 6. My idea works To confirm the working of proposed idea, a hosted instance of Hadoop was used that supports MapReduce Algorithm and S3 data cluster from Amazon. It also has Qubole [20] managed database to test the instance in cloud environment. Qubole has an API (Application programming Interface) that gives overview of running instances through dashboard. A user shall give input as a database or can manually select file in addition to query wizard. Once the input is given to MapReduce cluster, data analysis shall be done by using hive query in addition to pig script. Following results were collected by using existing database. Fig-4: Cloud based Hadoop Instance Source: Qubole Figure -4 shows a dashboard running Hadoop instance, in which 2 queries have finished data analysis. It communicates at runtime with Amazon S3 bucket where data is stored for input. The mapper [1][3][15] scans the data files from the source and extends the output to reducer. The reducer further processes data and is sent back to S3 cluster for further processing. This information shall be accessed by end user through web access and with the support of Hummingbird Algorithm. Fig-5: Running Hadoop Cluster Source: Qubole Fig-5 shows a single running Hadoop Instance in cloud environment. Qubole supports metrics of instances running simultaneously that enhances performance their by increasing efficiency. The graph in the above figure indicates time spent to complete single job. Every task is monitored by master DNS having unique ID. To each DNS a list of queries shall be given as input for further analysis. Fig-6 shows process getting started on Hadoop Cluster that combines both map and Reduce session together. The jobs performed uses batch processing system for single instance. Running multiple instances on different clusters in cloud environment makes process more efficient without investing much is physical infrastructure. As a result of which end user shall enjoy the benefits of information retrieval with minimum time, cost and physical resources. As cloud supports pay per use policies resource allocation as per requirements becomes easier. Fig-6: Hadoop Master DNS Source: Qubole Detail explanation about concepts existing algorithms used for information retrieval BFS(Bredth First Search) Redundant BFS. ISN (Intelligent Search Machine) Directed BFS Random walker search Randomized Gossiping Centralized approach Distributed Information retrieval Searching Object identifier Following explanations shall help to elaborate more about specific areas. 7.2 Cloud Architecture Fig-7: Cloud Architecture Source: NIST Cloud is an upcoming technology that supports IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) and SaaS (Software as a Service) as shown in Fig-7. For any hosted instance in cloud, open source software is used as a server that supports virtualization and Grid technology. Virtual private network is used in addition to broadband network13] [16]. As a service provider SLA (Service level Agreement) is signed between an organization and service provider. Distributed computing is one of the known components as data transferred across the network requires secure, authentic and efficient service in a given network. The type of cloud includes public, private, community and hybrid cloud [2]. Private clouds are hosted in dedicated environment having firewall and other authentication features. Updating existing system and taking backup remains responsibility of the owner. Hybrid clouds may be hosted in private environment in synchronization with public resources. The end user held responsible for resources used in public cloud with minimum security. 7.3 MapReduce Algorithm Fig-8: MapReduce Algorithm Source: Jimmy Lin, University of Maryland The algorithm takes data input as a file or database in the form of query. A list of mapper instances are activated which travels across the database in search of information. The jobs or data values are shuffled based on keys and aggregated as an input to reducers. These reducers understand the key inputs and reshuffle to get unique relevant information for further processing as shown in Fig-8[1]. 7.4 Hummingbird Algorithm Hummingbird Algorithm [10] [21] is the latest birthday gift from Google. Panda 3.5 and penguin were basically filters applied to searching criteria in the form of web pages and hyperlink. The traditional search engine extracts information based on keywords. Considering a sentence â€Å"How many times does hummingbird flap their wings per second?† the traditional search engine being keyword based tries to extract word like times, flap and per second. Based on collected keywords the web pages are searched in database. The collected content undergoes filtering from panda and penguin. Resultant results are displayed to user in the form of hyperlinks. Being hummingbird is innovation in the field of search and meant for voice based information retrieval, it accepts query as a single sentence instead of keywords. The engine tries to understand meaning and creates knowledge base from provided information or query. Fig-9: Hummingbird Search Source: Google.com In fig-9, the query asked to Google was where am i? Using voice search. The search engine had found my current location based on IP address or physical location and displayed map for the same. 8. Conclusion and future work The paper is continuation to hummingbird Algorithm [21] that supports MapReduce Algorithm with Hummingbird search engine in dedicated cloud environment. Qubole a hosted Hadoop instance is used to confirm working of MapReduce in support with Amazon S3 for data during. A single hive query instance on single DNS is tested which shall be extended for testing multiple instances of hive and pig script simultaneously as future work. References [1] Rahul Prasad Kanu , Shabeera T P , S D Madhu Kumar 2014- Dynamic Cluster Configuration Algorithm in MapReduce Cloud, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 5 (3), 2014, 4028-4033. [2] Mr. Kulkarni N. N., Dr. Pawar V. P., Dr. K.K Deshmukh -2014 Evaluation of Information Retrieval in Cloud computing based services, Asian Journal of Management Sciences 02 (03 (Special Issue)) [3] Brian Hellig, Stephen turner, rich collier, long zheng-2014- beyond map educe: the next generation of big data analytics HAMR.Eti.com. [4] Ismail Hmeidi, Maryan Yatim, Ala’ Ibrahim, Mai Abujazouh, 2014 Survey of Cloud Computing Web Services for Healthcare Information Retrieval Systems , International conference on Computing Technology and Information Management, Dubai, UAE. [5] Anil Radhakrishnan and Kiran kalmadi -2013- Big Data Medical engine in the cloud, Infosys Lab Briefing Vol-11, No-1. [6] Dr. Sanjay Mishra, Dr. Arun Tiwari 2013 A Novel Technique for Information Retrieval Based on Cloud Computing, international Journal of information technology. [7] Yu Mon Zaw, Nay Min Tun 2013-Web Services Based Information Retrieval Agent System for Cloud Computing. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research Volume 2– Issue 1, 67-71. [8] Gautam Vemuganti 2013- Metadata Management in Big data, Infosys lab Briefing. [9] Aaditya Prakash 2013-Natured Inspired visualization of unstructured big data, Infosys lab briefing, Vol-11, No-1. [10] Xinxin Fan, Guang Gong,Honggang Hu-2011- Remedying the Hummingbird Cryptographic Algorithm, IEEE. [11] Mosashi Inoue 2009- image retrieval: research and use in the information retrieval, National Institute of Informatics. [12] Jeff Dean Google Fellow 2009- Challenges in Building Large-Scale Information Retrieval Systems. [13] Tsungnan Lin, Pochiang Lin, Hsinping Wang,Chiahung Chen-2009-Dynamic Search Algorithm in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks, IEEE. [14] William Hersh -2008 Future perspectives Ubiquitous but unfinished: grand challenges for information retrieval, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. [15] Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat 2004-MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters, Google.com. [16] Mehran Sahami Vibhu Mittal Shumeet Baluja Henry Rowley 2003-The Happy Searcher: Challenges in Web Information Retrieval, google.com [17] James Allan 2002-Challenges in Information Retrieval and Language Modeling, Report of a Workshop held at the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval, University of Massachusetts Amherst [18] Amit Singhal 2001- Modern Information Retrieval: A Brief Overview IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Data Engineering. [19] tp://www.internetlivestats.com [20] https://api.qubole.com [21] Dr. Piyush Gupta, kashinath Chandelkar 2012- The Need and Impact of Hummingbird Algorithm on Cloud based Content Management System, vol-2, issue-12, IJARCSSE journal.

Frederick Douglass’s Narrative :: Essays Papers

Frederick Douglass’s Narrative In Frederick Douglass’s Narrative, Douglas himself narrates the novel using story telling to bring both the reader into the story, and the theme into focus. Through his narration, Douglass also uses narrative strategies like anecdotes, and plot twists. Even with it being a true story, Douglass brings the readers’ attention to a peak with these techniques making the story interesting and appealing. The most influential technique used by Douglass is story telling. He uses little stories, or stories-within-a-story, to make the reader pay attention. With descriptive tales of the plantations he worked on, the beatings and torture of slaves, and learning to read and write, he not only gets the attention of the readers, but he gets them to understand his point of view. For example at the beginning of the narrative Douglass tells a story of his aunt being beating, â€Å"I have often been awakened at the dawn of day by the most heart-rendering shrieks of an own aunt of mine,† (3). He goes on and gets even more graphic and descriptive, â€Å"The louder she screamed, the harder he whipped; and where the blood ran fastest, there he whipped longest.† (4). Also early in the novel, Douglass writes of the plantation he grew up on, â€Å"There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such,† (6). Soon after being sold to Mr. and Mrs. Au ld, he was taught the alphabet. He uses this experience to show to his audience that he is very literate despite his masters’ wishes, â€Å"If you teach that nigger how to read there would be no keeping him,† (20). So this story shows some more cruelty from his master. Just for reading he would be sold, which shows unfair treatment to the reader. Another similar technique used by Douglass very effectively is anecdotes. He uses anecdotes throughout the story to bring a humorous or interesting little side story into the readers’ minds. One good example of this is when he is talking about slave songs, â€Å"I have often been utterly astonished, since I came to the north, to find persons who could speak of the singing, among slaves, as evidence of their contentment and happiness.† (9). This shows the readers of his concerns by just adding a brief story in to interest the reader.

The Creation of Barbie as an American Icon Essay -- Exploratory Essays

The Creation of Barbie as an American Icon Barbie, at the age of 41, is one of the longest living toys in America. Analyzing her early history can give a person a look into the societal trends and culture of the late 1950's and early 1960's. There is evidence of fashion innovations in Barbie's wardrobe. Also, one can see the perception of females by society, such as what they should look like, how they should act and dress, as well as what their future goals could be. The following essay follows Barbie's history from 1959 to 1963, covering her development, her appeal to children, and her existence as a cultural artifact of the time period. History: Barbie's Debut in 1959 In February of 1959, Barbie was first introduced at the American International Toy Fair in New York (Barbie Dolls). Her creators, Ruth and Elliot Handler (co-founders of Mattel) modeled Barbie after the German doll known as Lilli. Lilli began as a cartoon character in a daily newspaper called the Bild-Zeitung (BillyBoy 19). This character, known for her large breasts and sexy clothing, was created for adult entertainment "a symbol of sex and pornography for the men of Germany" (Johnson "History"). Handler discovered Lilli while shopping in Switzerland and brought the doll home for her daughter to play with. Ruth was inspired to create an adult doll for little girls. Handler had Jack Ryan, executive of Mattel, purchase the rights for Lilli and negotiate with a company from Tokyo to create a doll like Lilli. The reason for going overseas was in order to create an inexpensive new doll. American male designers told Handler that it would be impossible to make such a doll (with stylish clothing and accessories) for an affordable price. The new doll had a s... ...Barbie's Effects on American Suburban Culture. (6 March 2000) http://www.otal.umd.edu/~vg/mssp96/ms07/cult.htm Johnson, Kristi. Evaluation. (7 March 2000) http://www.otal.umd.edu/~vg/mssp96/ms07/eval.htm Johnson, Kristi. History. (6 March 2000) http://www.otal.umd.edu/~vg/mssp96/ms07/hist.htm Kehoe, John. "Barbie." Biography 2.12 Dec. 1998. (28 Feb. 2000) http://www.ebsco.com Lord, M.G. Forever Barbie. William Morrow and Co.: New York, 1994. Origin of Barbie. (6 March 2000) http://www.nondairy.com/People/Raven/Barbie.html Riddick, Kristin. Introduction. (6 March 2000) http://www.people.virginia.edu/~tsawyer/barbie/barb1.html Weiss, Michael. Toys Were Us. (7 March 2000) http://www.discovery.com/stories/history/toys/BARBIE/shoulda.html 40 Years with Barbie. (29 Feb. 2000) http://www.barbie.com/40th_Anniv/40Years/1959.asp