Illocutionary Acts in Speech-Act Theory

In speech-act theory, the term illocutionary act refers to the use of a sentence  to express an attitude with a certain function or force, called an  illocutionary force, which differs from locutionary acts in that they carry a certain urgency and appeal to the meaning and direction of the speaker.   Although illocutionary acts are commonly made explicit by the use of performative verbs  like promise or request, they can often be vague as in someone saying Ill be there, wherein the audience cannot ascertain whether the speaker has made a promise or not. In addition, as Daniel R. Boisvert observes in Expressivism, Nondeclarative, and Success-Conditional Semantics that we can use sentences to warn, congratulate, complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, explain, describe, request, bet, marry, and adjourn, to list just a few specific kinds of illocutionary act. The terms  illocutionary act  and  illocutionary force  were introduced by British linguistic philosopher John  Austin in 1962s How to Do Things With Words, and for some scholars, the term illocutionary act  is virtually synonymous with speech act. Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts Acts of speech can be broken down into three categories: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. In each of these, too, the acts can either be direct or indirect, which quantify how effective they are at conveying the speakers message to its intended audience. According to Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seays Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics, locutionary acts are the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference, but these are the least effective means of describing the acts, merely an umbrella term for the other two which can occur simultaneously. Speech acts can therefore further be broken down into illocutionary and perlocutionary wherein the illocutionary act carries a directive for the audience, such as promising, ordering, apologizing and thanking. Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring about consequences to the audiences such as saying I will not be your friend. In this instance, the impending loss of friendship is an illocutionary act while the effect of frightening the friend into compliance is a perlocutionary act. Relationship Between Speaker and Listener Because perlocutionary and illocutionary acts depend on the audiences reaction to a given speech, the relationship between speaker and listener is important to understand in the context of such acts of speech. Etsuko Oishi wrote in Apologies, that the importance of the speakers intention in performing an illocutionary act is unquestionable, but, in communication, the utterance becomes an illocutionary act only when the hearer takes the utterance as such. By this, Oishi means that although the speakers act may always be an illocutionary one, the listener can choose to not interpret that way, therefore redefining the cognitive configuration of their shared outer world. Given this observation, the old adage know your audience becomes especially relevant in understanding discourse theory, and indeed in composing a good speech or speaking well in general. In order for the illocutionary act to be effective, the speaker must use language which his or her audience will understand as intended.

Essay about The Vietnam War - 647 Words

The Vietnam War Sources A, B, C, E, H and I all support and say that the Americans lost the Vietnam War because of the mistakes they made. Source A talks about how President Johnson ordered the bombings of North Vietnam which got America involved too much in Vietnam which meant that he should have invaded the North. Johnson was not a ruthless man and the bombings he did were half-hearted and limited. The air force had told him that they would succeed only if there was heavy and continuous bombing but he refused. The big mistake that Johnson made and this source talks about is just giving the initial orders to bomb North Vietnam. Source B says the Johnson got America heavily committed in†¦show more content†¦Source E talks about the US mistake of using napalm in villages and blasting villages without any warning if they were trying to win the local support. If they wanted support they shouldnt kill the vegetation and deform the people because this would not make them give the US their sup port. This was a major mistake they made of not getting the local people in their confidence. This proved to be a major obstacle as they progressed through the war. Source H tells us that the television and radio coverage of the war played a bit part in their defeat. It tells us that the media showed all the events that were happening in a different way, which got all the local people to think differently and to think about how pointless it was fighting the war, as they werent achieving anything. Source I supports the statement as it shows anti-war demonstrations done by a student. It shows how people back home are upset about what the US government is doing. It talks about how the government was ignoring these demonstrations and calling them burns. This source shows how unpopular the war was in the US and how the local people disliked it. The government also ignored what happened as a consequence of their war. Source F doesnt support the statement. Source F talks about how the US troops were ordered to fire at anything they thought was aShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too soRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their war for ind ependence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, began

An Ethical Dilemma Residential Aged Care

Question: Discuss about theAn Ethical Dilemmafor Residential Aged Care. Answer: Introduction An ethical dilemma is a situation in which one finds difficult to handle and often calls for an apparent mental conflict between moral laws, whereby choosing to abide by one would lead to transgressing the other. An ethical dilemma, in this case, is a situation, in which a registered nurse (RN) on duty insists on taking Elsie to the hospital because of her deteriorated health condition, and further, the paramedics attempted resuscitation despite the fact that Elsie did not want it done on her. Unfortunately, Elsie died upon arrival to the emergency department. As a result, Elsies family sues the RN, the paramedics and the Residential Aged Care (RAC) facility for taking Elsie to the hospital against her will, making her stressed leading to her death. The scenario presents different stakeholders: Two healthcare professionals the RN and the paramedics, the RAC facility, the family members and the student studying the course. What follows in this discussion, therefore, is the ethical an d legal conflicts of the scenario, and how they would be resolved in a legal and ethical manner. Ethical and Legal Conflicts Ethical Conflicts In this setting, there are several potential sources of conflicts. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics (2001) guides nursing practice in the U.S. It guides the duties and the ethical obligations of persons within the nursing profession. According to the Code, there is a conviction that nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care of individuals, families, groups and communities (p.5). In this regard, nurses are obliged to adhere to the beliefs and values presented in code. However, nurses in a rehabilitation setting work together with diverse individuals each from different disciplines, with its unique set of values and beliefs to guide the professionals (Jimnez-Herrera Axelsson, 2015). Despite the fact that these disciplines could have common beliefs and values like to respect the humanness, and the individual being attended to, there are differences in how to deliver the services. According to Savage, Parson, Zollman Kirschner (2009), this can lead to a source of conflict. For example, the fact that the RN thought it was right to take Elsie to the hospital does not mean that she could find treatment there because she had not filled the advanced care directive. In this situation, a physical therapist at the hospital could refuse to attend to Elsie because according to the professions code of ethics it would be unethical to do what the patient does not want. Thus, it becomes an ethical conflict between the RN and the physical therapist at the hospital. Another possible source of an ethical conflict is the expectations and beliefs of the consumer according to the regulatory requirements. A governing body for rehabilitation known as the Commission on Accreditation on Rehabilitation Facilities calls for its team to involve and respect the decisions of the individuals they are serving throughout the recovery process (Holm Severinsson, 2014). If at all the patients and the family members refuse recommendations or treatments from the healthcare provider, then there is a possibility for a moral dilemma to the healthcare personnel. A moral dilemma only transpires when there are two or more moral principles that apply but support mutually contradictory actions (Hopia, Lottes Kanne, 2016). For example, the RN and the paramedics in the case believed it was right for Elsie to be treated. However, Elsie asked them to leave her the way she was. It becomes a difficult situation to the RN and the paramedics, and they decide to carry on with resu scitation which did not work. Legal Conflicts Healthcare realm has become more and more litigious with patients expecting perfect results each time they attend care. However, requirements extend even beyond care and treatment to insurance authorization, licensure, regulations for healthcare organization accreditation, and privacy of healthcare information. Besides, they permeate daily practice and form a framework for providing care (Holm Severinsson, 2014). Additionally, the Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations surveys institutions whether ambulatory, hospitals, rehabilitation, hospice, among others, offering health care and awards accreditation upon meeting its standards, which get divided into three broad categories. One is the patient-focused functions such as patients rights. Two is the organization focused functions such as prevention and control of infection and management of the environment of care. Three is structures having features like management, medical staff, and nursing. Other than that , the controlled health care environment often has some hidden sources of legal conflicts; that is, the restrictions and the requirements of what should be done, when and by whom (Kangasniemi, Pakkanen Korhonen, 2015). In the case of Elsie, a legal conflict arises because Elsie had already discussed with her family that she did not want any aggressive treatment or resuscitation done on her. However, the registered nurse insisted on doing what she thought was right. As a result, a legal conflict arises between the healthcare professionals and the family members, who claim that the RN and the paramedics are the causes of Elsies death. Their reason for this is that their actions made the patient stressed up because it was against her will. Impact of the Conflict on Stakeholders Human Dignity and Human Rights Of course, patient care is an essential aspect of a human right to health. It values both attention and scrutiny. Instead of appropriate care, healthcare providers and patients may face a variety of abuses that insult human dignity and jeopardize health outcomes (Rosoff Leong, 2015). They range from violations of patients rights to confidentiality, privacy, informed consent, and non-discrimination to other abuses which are inhuman, cruel and degrade treatment. Likewise, the health care providers may face violations like sanctions for offering evidence-based healthcare, unsafe working conditions, denial of due process in case a client complains about them, and limits on the freedom of association. Based on the conflicts mentioned in the above scenario, there are vast violations of human rights. For example, the conflicts violate the nurses right to practice in a way that satisfies their duties to the community and the patient. Other than that, they violate the patients right to refus e treatment which affects her care. Principles of Healthcare Ethics In the society today, there are different values outlined in the Constitution providing the foundation for the society. Besides, there are four guiding principles of healthcare ethics: autonomy, beneficence and nonmaleficence, veracity and justice (Tomi?-Petrovi?, 2015). Autonomy is the obligation to allow a person the right to make a decision (Rosoff Leong, 2015). Conflicts occurred when the individuals served to make decisions that collide with that of the healthcare professionals. An example is that of Elsie whereby she refuses treatment which the RN believes in not safe for her. The autonomy principle, however, indicates that the health care personnel must respect what the patient wants (Tomi?-Petrovi?, 2015). Beneficence, on the other hand, is the obligation to do good, while nonmaleficence is the requirement to do no harm. In this case, the nurse is expected to choose what is right when in a state of treatment options. Veracity offers the duty to truthful and provides the nece ssary information to the patient. In a situation where providing medication would be beneficial but has some significant risk, then it would be important, to tell the truth to the patient in a manner that the patient would understand (Sabatino, Kangasniemi, Rocco, Alvaro Stievano, 2016). Lastly, justice is the responsibility of being fair. Health care services rely on the decisions about type, payer, duration of treatment and frequency. However, insurance carriers come in with more expensive packages which favor other individuals, though not all. Thus, the question is, is justice served or not? Virtues Informing the Healthcare Professions The professional virtues that do not relate more to the medical science but relate more to the patients experience of illness are imagination, hope, and continuity of care, witnessing, listening, presence and respect (Snelling, 2016). Therefore, to deal with a complex problem, a doctor has to come up with a coherent story, which helps more to cope than to cure. Clinical care relies on how a teller and a listener relate, and how the audience respectfully and attentively listens to the story (Berghout, Exel, Leensvaart Cramm, 2015). Therefore, a medical professional in Elsies case would try to explain to the family that it is not right for a normal human being to sit and watch a patient die, while there is something that can be done to save the patients life. Aside from that, the family should understand that there are laws that govern the nursing profession, and they had to abide by them, failure to which they would be answerable to the law. Codes of Ethics and Professional Conduct The Code of ethics and professional conduct in healthcare identifies core values for the profession and creates the standards of conduct as expected by nurses in practice (Bostock-Cox, 2015). It serves as a guide to help the ethical decisions that the health care professionals face, providing them with a framework to regulate their practice (Sutcliffe, 2011). According to the case study, the relevant codes of ethics are: Nurses should respect the clients informed decision to refuse care. Nurses should find consent for the nursing interventions when required and collaborate with the other health care personnel to get consent for treatment. In case clients are not able to make decisions on their own, they should seek permission from the family members. Nurses should provide the necessary care unless states otherwise. Resolution The success of the decision making in the conflict resolution policy depends heavily on how well the process got done about providing healthcare to the patient (Dubler Liebman, 2004). It is evident that the medics were the de facto champions that must commit to embracing conflict resolution, therefore, must be supported by all the parties involved. For effective adoption and implementation of the conflict resolution policy, a thorough process of educating the medics needs to get developed. On the other hand, if RN refuses to provide health care violates the patients right to healthcare. Therefore, providing treatment must be considered as the correct thing to do. Ethically, if the RN could have stopped the medics from responding to the distress call from Elsie, she or he could have faced patients coercion while providing treatment because of the fear of objectionable consequences from the family. Although, it is nice to respect and acknowledge the positive decisions made by RN and the medics, the rights of the patient also need to be considered (Kangasniemi, Vaismoradi, Jasper Turunen, 2013). With open, transparent communication, patient involvement, and cooperation healthcare conflict can get transformed into a safer one. Moreover, the health institution that is involved in the conflict must try in cooperating steps such as conducting an organization conflict assessment, providing training in conflict management and prevention among others. Additionally, the patients family must be involved in any action taken by the patient. Furthermore, if the situation is not easy as was in the case of Elsie, a more formal process such as mediation can h elp. Solving such conditions calls for the involved parties to sit down together and talk about the issue. Legally all the parties need to follow healthcare policies. Otherwise, the professional voice of the RN attending to the patient, honest feelings of the paramedics, and the bilateral discussion of the clinical action proposals can also prevail. Moreover, the family needs to know that the paramedics have a privilege and professional obligation of assisting the patient. On the other hand, to solve such conflicts, there must be; structured communication and collaboration as well as formal mediation. It is evident that the best way to resolve problems is to bring together the affected parties so that they may talk through their dilemma. With effective communication and collaboration, there is a satisfactory resolution of the differences. Therefore, working collaboratively decreases the risk of patient outcomes. To conclude with, an organization ought to have a well-developed system that can help in the management of the healthcare conflict (Morreim, 2015). Health institution must deviate from secretive, and blame focused formations on developing cultures of openness and learning that require all of the skills of collaboration and communication. A well-equipped health center has to incorporate effective conflict management principles and processes into their culture. Moreover, cultures that help in managing conflict positively and prioritize continuing education and training in conflict resolution equip themselves with essential means on how to solve patient safety dilemma. Further, it is vital to bring to the table the right parties, and if the problem persisted, then a mediator should come in. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC: Author. Berghout, M., van Exel, J., Leensvaart, L., Cramm, J. M. (2015). Healthcare professionals' views on patient-centered care in hospitals. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 1-13. Bostock-Cox, B. (2015). The Nursing and Midwifery Code: Making it work for you and your patients. Practice Nurse, 45(4), 34-37. Dubler, N. N., Liebman, C. B. (2004). Bioethics: Mediating Conflict in the Hospital Environment. Dispute Resolution Journal, 59(2), 32-39. Holm, A. L., Severinsson, E. (2014). Reflections on the ethical dilemmas involved in promoting self-management. Nursing Ethics, 21(4), 402-413. Hopia, H., Lottes, I., Kanne, M. (2016). Ethical concerns and dilemmas of Finnish and Dutch health professionals. Nursing Ethics, 23(6), 659-673. Jimnez-Herrera, M. F., Axelsson, C. (2015). Some ethical conflicts in emergency care. Nursing Ethics, 22(5), 548-560. Kangasniemi, M., Vaismoradi, M., Jasper, M., Turunen, H. (2013). Ethical issues in patient safety: Implications for nursing management. Nursing Ethics, 20(8), 904-916. Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 71(8), 1744-1757. Morreim, H. (2015). Conflict Resolution in the Clinical Setting: A Story Beyond Bioethics Mediation. Journal Of Law, Medicine Ethics, 43(4), 843-856. Rosoff, P. M., Leong, K. M. (2015). An Ethical and Legal Framework for Physicians as Surrogate Decision-Makers for Their Patients. Journal Of Law, Medicine Ethics, 43(4), 857-877. Sabatino, L., Kangasniemi, M. K., Rocco, G., Alvaro, R., Stievano, A. (2016). Nurses perceptions of professional dignity in hospital settings. Nursing Ethics, 23(3), 277-293. Savage, T. A., Parson, J., Zollman, F., Kirschner, K. L. (2009). Rehabilitation team disagreement: Guidelines for resolution. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1, 10911097. Snelling, P. C. (2016). The metaethics of nursing codes of ethics and conduct. Nursing Philosophy, 17(4), 229-249. Sutcliffe, H. (2011). Understanding the NMC code of conduct: a student perspective. Nursing Standard, 25(52), 35-39. Tomi?-Petrovi?, N. M. (2015). Moral responsibility of healthcare personnel. Vojnosanitetski Pregled: Military Medical Pharmaceutical Journal Of Serbia, 72(1), 77-81

Understanding Company Law

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Company Law Australian legal system. Answer: Prepare a consultative report In this case, Xiaojing, Lance and Nick want to work together for operating their herbal product business. For running the business, they have decided to explore the unincorporated business structures, particularly if partnership and a joint venture. Generally, people are confused regarding a partnership and a joint venture. They do not know if a difference is present between these two. The result is that sometimes these two terms are used interchangeably. Also on the face of it, these two terms may appear to be the same but the fact is that certain differences are present between the two. Even if it is difficult to differentiate partnership and a joint venture, however, there are certain key differences present between them. It also needs to be mentioned at this point that under the common law, the term joint venture does not have a certain meaning in Australia. The result is that there is no precisely a definition of a joint venture. However there are certain characteristics on the basis of which it can be said that a particular agreement is a joint venture (United Dominion Corporation Ltd v Brian, 1985). A joint venture can be described as an agreement that has been concluded between two or more individuals or legal entities, where the parties have decided to work together for the achievement of the same strategic goal. But at the same time, maintaining a separate business entities. In this case, each of the party will be liable for the debts that have been incurred by such a party in the project and, generally, at the end of the project, they will divide the profit between themselves (Pentony, Graw, Lennard Parker, 2009). Typically there is a return to joint venture agreement, which governs the relationship between the parties. There are several long-term and short-term projects, for which the parties may decide to enter a joint venture. Some of the examples of the joint ventures include property development, publishing agreements, mining syndicates and research and development agreements. A joint venture provides certain advantages to the parties, regardless of the size of the business. This is due to the reason that the following types of arrangements can allow the growth of the business without the need for seeking outside investment or borrowing money, the expansion of the business, developing new products and services, gaining access to additional resources like specialist staff or technology, and in this case, there is only a temporary commitment towards each other. Therefore, if a joint venture has been structured properly, it can prove to be highly profitable. They can be used by the parties to collaborate on short-term projects and also for strengthening the long-term projects (Lipton, Herzberg and Welsh, 2016). However there are certain disadvantages associated with the joint ventures. These disadvantages include the difficulty in finding the right people and creating a trusting and strong relationship. Similarly, it is important that the objective, terms and goals of the venture are clearly understood by the parties so that there is no conflict between the business partners. In some cases, the business partners may not commit to the project to the level that is required for the success of the joint venture. A joint venture is governed by the terms of the agreement. At the same time, the provisions of contract law and common law are also applicable to a joint venture. On the other hand, if a separate legal entity has been incorporated for this purpose, it will be the one by the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth). In comparison, a partnership can be described as an ongoing relationship between the parties. Generally, the number of partners is limited to 20. However, as against the company, a partnership is not a separate legal entity. Therefore each partner can be held liable for the actions of the other partners (Harris, Hargovan and Adams, 2015). This can be described as a major difference that is present between a joint venture and a partnership, as in this case the partners are jointly and severally liable for the activities of the other partners. Therefore, in case of a partnership, a partner can be held responsible for the debts of the partnership, in case the partners are not in a position to pay. Similarly, another difference that exists between a partnership and the joint venture is that the joint venture does not manage an ongoing relationship, and generally in this case it has a definitive end. On the other hand, a partnership is an ongoing relationship. The legislation that is appl icable in case of a partnership is the Partnership Act. A partnership agreement provides certain benefits to the parties. These benefits include the easy establishment of a partnership and lower startup cost. A partnership provides a chance to split the income of the business. Whenever required, the business structure can be changed quickly. In case of a partnership, less external regulations applicable as compared to a company. Similarly, the business affairs of a partnership are private (Vermeesch and Lindgren, 2005). But at the same time, the business structure of a partnership also has some disadvantages. In case of a partnership, each partner is considered as being jointly and severally responsible for the debts of the business. Similarly, each partner can be held liable regarding the actions of the other partners. The profits of the business have to be shared with the other partners and other major disadvantage. In case of a partnership is of unlimited liability. On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion, it can be said that the business structure of a partnership will be more appropriate for Xiaojing, Lance and Nick. The reason is that in case of a partnership, there is an ongoing relationship between the parties. On the other hand, a joint venture has a pre-decided date when it comes to an end. As in this case, the parties are going to operate a horrible product business, it will be appropriate for them to create a partnership. References Harris, J. Hargovan, A. Adams, M. (2015) Australian Corporate Law LexisNexis Butterworths 5th edition Lipton P, Herzberg A and Welsh, M, (2016) Understanding Company Law, 18th edition Thomson Reuters. Pentony, Graw, Lennard Parker, (2009) Understanding Business Law 3rd ed Butterworths Vermeesch, R B, Lindgren, K E, (2005) Business Law of Australia Butterworths, 11th Edition Case Law United Dominion Corporation Ltd v Brian (1985) 157 CLR 1 Legislation Corporations Act, 2001

Why Do We Read Literature Essay Sample free essay sample

First. Literature Defined:* â€Å"The creative activity of literature is a uniquely human activity. Born of man’s timeless desire to understand. express. and eventually portion experiences. † * Literature is â€Å"a concrete artefact — a narrative. a verse form. or a play† * â€Å"The medium of interlingual rendition. of class. is linguistic communication. the written and spoken word. † * â€Å"When we speak of literature. nevertheless. we have in head a particular sort of linguistic communication that differs from the ordinary discourse with which we conduct our day-to-day personal businesss. The term literature. . . refers to linguistic communication that is intentionally structured in such a manner as to hold identifiable artistic qualities. † 1. ) Reading for Vicarious Escape* Literature can offer â€Å"exciting narrations that can be read uncritically merely because they allow us to get away the jobs and duties of our mundane lives and to take part. nevertheless briefly. in a universe of experience that differs radically from our ain. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do We Read Literature? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † * Examples: the undercover agent or detective narrative ; scientific discipline fiction ; historical novels * We read for the merriment of it. * â€Å"Many plants of literature. classics every bit good as paper-back book mush. last exactly because they win in temporarily detaching us from clip and topographic point and transporting us to some fanciful universe that we otherwise would neer cognize. † * â€Å"Although some people tend to see such a motivation as stripling or even philistine. the fact remains that literature flourishes. in portion at least. because of the freedom and get away it affords our imaginativeness. † * And for those plants which do non look like â€Å"escape. † we should inquire what they have that have led them to â€Å"survive† over clip! 2. ) Reading to Learn* â€Å"Literature offers the reader ‘knowledge’ in the signifier of information. . . information that at the clip is all the more absorbing because it is portion of the author’s re-created universe. † * â€Å"Literature read in this manner serves as a societal papers. giving us insight into the Torahs. imposts. establishments. attitudes. and values of the age in which it was written or in which it is set. † * Literature â€Å"broadens our cognition of the universe. [ However. ] non all of this ‘knowledge’ is peculiarly valuable ; and much of it will be disregarded rapidly. Some of it may. in fact. turn out to be misdirecting or even false. and as such must ever be checked and verified against other beginnings. † 3. ) Reading to Confront Experience* â€Å"One of the most compelling facets of literature is its relationship to human experience. Reading is an act of battle and engagement. It is besides. at the same time. an act of elucidation and find. Literature allows us. as possibly no other medium can. the opportunity to get the better of the restrictions of our ain subjectiveness and those restrictions imposed by sex. age. societal and economic status. and the times in which we live. Literary characters offer us immediate entree to a broad scope of human experiences we otherwise might neer cognize. As readers we observe these characters’ private every bit good as public lives. and go toilet to their innermost ideas. feelings. and motives. It is the really familiarity of this entree that explains why psychologists have traditionally found inventive literature a rich beginning for instance surveies to exemplify theories of personality and behaviour. † [ For illustration. the Oed ipal composite! ] * â€Å"The relationship between literature and experience. nevertheless. is a mutual one. Merely as literature allows us to take part in the experience of others. so excessively it has the power to form and change our attitudes and outlooks. To cognize why we identify with one character and non another may state us about the sort of individual we are or aspire to be. If we are sensitive and perceptive readers. we have much to larn from these brushs. which can enrich the quality and impact the way of our lives. though the precise effects of these brushs are impossible to foretell and will change from one reader to another. One grade of a ‘great’ work of literature is its ability to hold an consequence on the reader. In the same manner. it is this affectional power of fiction. play. and poesy that helps to explicate the endurance of those plants we regard as classics. [ Works ] survive as classics because they have offered coevalss of readers the chance to clear up and possibly even modify their positions of life and besides because they shed life on the comple xness and ambiguity of human being. including the reader’s ain. † 4. ) Reading for Aesthetic Pleasure* â€Å"Literature can besides be read for the sheer aesthetic pleasance we take in good workmanship of any sort. ‘A thing of beauty is a joy forever’ is a phrase the poet John Keats has given us ; well-ordered and happy words are one of the few signifiers of immortality. Despite its other utilizations. a verse form. a drama. or a novel is a self-contained work of art. with a definable and describable construction and texture: it can be approached and appreciated on footings that are unambiguously its ain. What distinguishes literature from other signifiers of artistic looks is its trust on construction and manner in linguistic communication. Sensitive and experient readers will react to happy words. though they many non be ab initio witting of precisely what they are reacting to. or why. When that response is a positive 1. we speak of our sense of pleasance or delectation. in much the same manner that we respond to a picture. a piece of sculpture. or a musical composing. If we push our enquiry farther and seek to analyse our response. we begin to travel in the way of literary unfavorable judgment. † On Literary Criticism:* â€Å"Rumor to the contrary. literary unfavorable judgment is non an exercising in human inventiveness that professors of English engage in for its ain interest. Neither is the word unfavorable judgment to be confused with the sort of negativity and mistake determination we sometimes encounter in acerb book reappraisals. The fact of the affair is that the more we learn about how to near a narrative. verse form. or drama. the greater our grasp of a genuinely great work becomes. and greater still the sense of pleasance and enjoyment we can deduce from it. Literary unfavorable judgment is nil more. or less. than an effort to clear up. explicate. and measure our experience with a given literary work. Properly understood and properly employed. literary unfavorable judgment allows us to raise and so reply. nevertheless tentatively. certain basic inquiries about an author’s accomplishment and about the ways in which he or she achieved it. It besides allows us to organize some judgements about the comparative virtue or quality of the work as a whole. † * â€Å"Like all organized Fieldss of academic survey. the survey of literature remainders on at least three cardinal premises that critics and readers must be willing to accept. * Literary unfavorable judgment. foremost of all. presupposes that a work of literary art contains certain important relationships and forms of significance that the reader-critic can retrieve and portion. Without such anterior understanding. of class. there can be no unfavorable judgment. for by definition there would be nil worthy of communicating. * Second. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes the ability of the reader-turned-critic to interpret his experience of the work into rational footings that can be communicated to and understood by others. * Third. literary unfavorable judgment presupposes that the critic’s experience of the work. one time organized and articulated. will be by and large compatible with the experience of other readers. This is non to connote that critics and other readers will ever see oculus to oculus. for of class they do non and neer will. It is to state that to be valid and valuable the critic’s reading of a work must harmonize. at least in a general manner. with what other intelligent readers over a sensible period of clip are willing to hold on and accept. † A Warning about Analysis:* â€Å"The analytical method. it should be noted. is merely one of a figure of attacks taken by critics in their geographic expedition and survey of literature. It is true that by concentrating our attending entirely on the literary work we run the hazard of minimising. or disregarding wholly. many other factors that might otherwise contribute to our apprehension. With the analytical method. for illustration. we tend to overlook * the author’s purpose in composing the work. * the relationship between the work and the author’s life and experience. * or the even broader relationship between the work and the historical civilization in which it was written and to which it was originally directed. * The analytical method besides tends to disregard the critical relationship of literature to human experience in general and to the reader’s ain experiences in peculiar. †

Direct and Indirect Essay Example

Direct and Indirect Essay Example Direct and Indirect Paper Direct and Indirect Paper Topic: Direct and Indirect Speech We may report the words of a speaker in two ways:- (i). we may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech. (ii). We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect Speech. For example: Direct:Ahmed said, â€Å"I am very busy now†. Indirect:Ahmed said that he was busy then. Direct Speech is that form of narration in which the actual words of a speaker are reported. It may be divided into two parts: the reported speech, i. e. the actual words of the speaker (its VERB is called Reported Verb); and the reporting speech, i. . the introductory words added to the reported speech (its VERB is called Reporting Verb). The reported speech is marked off by inverted commas. The reporting speech comes before or after the commas. Indirect Speech is that form of speech in which what one speaker says is reported by another with utmost accuracy but without using his actual words. It will be noticed that in Direct Speec h, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made.Thus: (i). we have used the conjunction that before the Indirect statement. (ii). The pronoun I is changed to he. (The 1st Person Pronoun is changed into 3rd Person Pronoun). (iii). The verb am is changed to was . (Present Tense is changed to Past). (iv). The adverb now is changed to then. 1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES Definition: An assertive sentence makes a positive (Affirmative), negative or forceful statement. For example: 1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. (Affirmative or positive) 2. Death is not the end of life. (Negative) 3. She did go to school. (Emphatic) or forceful statement.When Assertive Sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech, all changes explained earlier take place. EXAMPLES: in the REPORTED SPEECH are also changed, when a sentence is changed from the Direct into the Indirect Speech. | | | | |Sr. No. |Words in Reported Speech |Changed into Indirect Speech | |1 |This |That | |2 |These |Those | |3 |Here |There | |4 |Now Then | |5 |Today |That day | |6 |Tonight |That night | |7 |Yesterday |The previous (last) day | |8 |Tomorrow |The next (following) day | |9 |Last night |The previous night | |10 |Ago |Before | |11 |Thus |So | |12 |Sir or madam |Respectfully | |13 |Good morning , good evening, good noon or good day |Greeted | |14 |Words like â€Å"well†, â€Å"all right,† â€Å"yes†, â€Å"hullo† and | | | |â€Å"no† are omitted. | | EXAMPLES: | | | | |Sr. No. DIRECT SPEECH |INDIRECT SPEECH | |1 |She says, â€Å"I do not like this dress† |She says that she does not like that dress. | |2 |He will say, â€Å"My father has bought these books for me. |He will say that his father has bought those books for him. | |3 |The lion said to the fox, â€Å"Many animals come here every d ay. † |The lion said to the fox that many animals came there every day. | |4 |The teacher said to us, â€Å"It is 9 o’clock by my watch now. † |The teacher said to us that it was 9 o’clock by his watch then. | |5 |The monitor says to the teacher, â€Å"Sir, the bell has gone. †

Acceptance Under Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Acceptance Under Contract Law - Essay Example Consideration is an added benefit that is bargained for and may also include a promise to compromise upon a dispute, but the important factor is that it must be a new obligation, over and above what has already been agreed to in the original contract. The principle of consideration determines whether an oral promise may be enforceable since an implicit contract is formed if the person making the promise is receiving something in return – some consideration [www.abanet.org, pp 22]. This involves the exchange of â€Å"something of value† or the promise to do something in future.[www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. The basic premise of a contract is the concept of Offer and Acceptance. When one party makes an offer and another party accepts it – either orally or in writing – then a contract is said to exist [www.bplans.co.uk, 2003]. In order for a contract to be valid, both the parties need to exchange something of value. If one party promises orally to give something to the other but does not follow through with it, his promise is not enforceable, unless the other party agreed to do something in return for the promised gift, in which case a contract does exist and may be enforceable. Once an agreement has been made and a contract entered into, any agreement to vary the contract is likely to be based upon some consideration, especially if the pacts is increased under the doctrine of economic duress. The doctrine of consideration has however been argued as being too â€Å"blunt an instrument† since its â€Å"reasoning was such that it could make a promise invalid even thoug h no pressure had been exerted by the promisee at all.† [Trietel, 2002, pp 14]. In this connection, there is already in existence a written contract between the two parties, which lays out the terms of payment for services rendered, ie, three installment payments of 10,000 pounds each to be made by Roger.

The Scapegoat MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Scapegoat MAM - Assignment Example Edward soon becomes a local celeb as a result of his ability to cut hair and trim hedges. This capability to do extra things makes people take advantage of Edward. For instance, Jim uses Edward to break into his parents house but unfortunately Edward is trapped in the automatic locks. He is then accused of crime and people including Jim who was using him takes Edward as a scapegoat. Similarly, in our community scapegoating occurs to individuals who are famous and can do extra things (Stereotypes of Persecution, 19). Out of envy and jealous of the community members especially those with same abilities, such an individual is considered as a threat. False accusations are alleged against such person with an aim of disgracing him or her (Stereotypes of Persecution, 14). For instance, Joyce claims that Edward tried to rape her. However, these allegation are not real. The community members looks everywhere for possible indications to confirm their suspicion against the individual. In most cases, individuals taken as scapegoats are innocent and defenseless. They usually undergo through judgment and unfair punishment for crimes they did not

Racism in basketball between china and USA Research Paper

Racism in basketball between china and USA - Research Paper Example In 2011, the United States Vice President Joe Biden made a  trip to Beijing China, and on the second day of his visit, there was a friendly basketball match. That was between the United States Georgetown Hoyas team and China’s Army-affiliated Bayi Rockets team. However, the basketball match did not turn out to be so much friendly eventually because each of the teams began engaging in hostile pushing and yelling. It persisted until one Chinese basketball player hurt in the abdomen shouted racist and offensive remarks at the Georgetown Hoyas coach, which made an eruption of both sides rising from their benches and crowding the basketball court.  The scuffle rapidly evolved into a very rough brawl between the United States and Chinese players. The chaotic fracas lasted for a few minutes while the referees watched on, and the basketball players stomped on each other and threw chairs towards one another. In addition to this, the audience tossed full water bottles and other wast e at the basketball court to add salt to the injury. Eventually, the Georgetown Hoyas’ coach called off his team from the basketball court, and the match was ruled a tie between the two teams (Stone, 2011). Reactions to the skirmish among the Chinese people were torn between humiliation and conceit because of racism. To a majority of the Chinese people, the incident tarnished the ambiance of hospitality that China had been trying to exhibit while the United States Vice President was in the country. It was indeed embarrassing to the Chinese people and a major loss of face for them. Several people who watched the scuffle between China and the United States called the Chinese players hooligans with poor basketball techniques, and even poorer character. However, some people applauded the Chinese players’ belligerence as bravery toppled with statements of racism. It involved the people saying that

Female Sexualization in Magazines

Female Sexualization in Magazines Over the past three decades, contemporary women’s magazines have significantly increased their sexual content, offering frank advice about sex and relationships (Kim Ward, 2004). The message it sends across is prizing sexually assertive women. Thus, it gives the readers instructions on aggressive ways to attract men and to be able to fulfill their own sexual desires (Durham, 1996). One particular magazine is Cosmopolitan magazine which is known for being racy, intended for the â€Å"fun, fearless female†(Streitmatter, 2004). Sexual agency and desire is highly promoted to young women. Likewise, the stereotypical male sexual role is described as being primarily sexual and out of control. In Cosmopolitan, much of women’s sexual agency and aggressiveness happens within the context of a relationship (Durham, 1996). Walsh-Childers et al. (2002) commented that in some adult-focused magazines, sex is presented as a fun, casual and risk-free activity. A noticeable lack o f emphasis on sexual health, contraceptives and STD prevention is observed (Kim Ward, 2004). Me’nard Kleinplatz (2008) comment that in the magazines, although there is a strong emphasis for female readers to be sexually active and be in the service of men (Durham, 1996), they are cautioned not to be too overtly sexual. They are encouraged to dress and interact with men in a way that promotes sexual desirability but are discouraged from showing desire themselves (Durham 1996, 1998; Garner et al. 1998). These magazines, then, can be seen as part of a ‘cultural apparatus that purports to assist women to be heterosexually attractive, to be coy, alluring, â€Å"sexy,† and flirtatious, in order to â€Å"find true love† and to â€Å"catch a man,† and then to maintain his interest’ (Overall, 1999, p. 298). On the other hand, men’s sexuality is promoted to be aggressive, animalistic, insatiable, urgent and uncontrollable (Firminger 2006; Garner et al. 1998; Ward 2003). The concept of â€Å"great sex† is depicted in three women’s magazines, namely Cosmopolitan, Glamour and Self (Duran Prusank, 1997) as only occurring in the context of an intimate, caring and long-term heterosexual relationship. These magazines teach sexual techniques such as sensual touching, sexual positions, forbidden games, etc. to enhance sexual and erotic intimacy in those relationships. Duran Prusank (1997) also contend that great sex involves uncontrollable chemical or magical elements while it is ongoing. Me’nard Kleinplatz (2008) observe that in popular adult-focused magazines the subject of sexual techniques was predominant. In every issue, a wide variety of information about new and exciting sexual techniques or on improvements that can be made to old familiar ones in order to achieve â€Å"great sex† is available. Readers are provided with information on how to kiss, touch, perform oral or manual sex and several orgasm-inducing sexual intercourse positions. Sexualities of men and women have been compared in contemporary magazines. Discourses have emphasized that male sexuality is driven by a strong biological ‘need’ for coital sex, and have identified this as the ‘male sexual drive’ (Weeks, 1986; Hollway, 1989). As opposed to female sexuality, male sexuality is emphasized with sexual prowess and prime importance is given to the penis, erection and orgasm (Kilmartin, 1999; Tiefer, 1995). On the other hand, female sexuality has been characterized as passive, responsive to the needs of their male partners’ sexual needs and associated with reproduction. Although their sexual needs come from the same biological drive, women are less easily aroused than men and are more emotional during sex (Jackson, 1984). Farvid Braun (2006) conclude that contemporary adult-focused magazines are ‘obsessed with male sexuality’. It was a central focus in accounts of female sexuality which is mostly oriented toward the fulfillment of men’s sexual pleasure. The magazines depicted men in contradictory positions – one, as the target of women’s desires and the other, as a source of much stress, anxiety and even trauma for women (Farvid Braun, 2006). This positions men as having much power over women because of the great emotions they elicit in a wide spectrum. When women’s magazines invite male authorities to offer their insights and experiences to the women readers, it becomes a portal for women to understand men better. Men’s perspectives help women by guiding them on how to behave, dress and engage in sexual practices in accordance to how men prefer. In a significant way, it guides women to understand their male partners better and learn ways to please the m. Mass media’s dominant representation of women is that they exist for men’s satisfaction of their sexual fantasies (Wood, 1994). Cleo and Cosmopolitan magazines encourage women to be as ‘sexual’ as they can be, making them available to satisfy men’s sexual fantasies and desires. Although being able to provide sexual satisfaction for men may be a source of pleasure and power for women, it also reflects that women are reliant on men for their own self-image and power (Machin Thornborrow, 2003). Thus, repeatedly reading articles on how to give pleasure to men may promote women’s insecure sexuality (Farvid Braun, 2006). The message of contemporary women’s magazine is that society may condone men’s inappropriate sexual behaviour. The stronger sexual drive of men have made them conclude that the penis is ‘extrinsic to the self’ (Kilmartin, 1999, p.180) and can have a ‘mind of its own’ (Hollway, 1989). Shifting the responsibility of certain sexual indiscretions such as infidelity or cheating on their spouses/partners on the penis makes it an unfair and shallow justification. Potts (2001) commented that such distinction of the penis as the culprit constitutes a ‘hegemonic masculine subjectivity’ where ‘men tend to distance themselves from the [sexual] behaviours of their bodies’ and thus ‘they may also exonerate themselves from responsibility in sexual matters’ (p.154), including inappropriate, risky, or even coercive sexual practices. Sex is promoted as a way to keep a man interested in a woman enough to stay in a relationship. Farvid Braun (2006) observe in Cleo and Cosmopolitan magazines that the ability of some women to provide great sex to men is essential in fulfilling not only men’s sexual needs but women’s relational needs as well. Cleo magazine advocates women to leave an impression where it counts†¦ in bed. It contends that men love women who are not only good in bed but enjoy it too, and it leaves men craving for more. A memorable sexual performance of a woman is depicted as more important than her personality in terms of keeping a man interested. Another message that comes across is that while men can enjoy sex anytime they want, women need to work on sex in competing with other women their men have had sex with or with potential sex partners. This implies that although great sex can be a deterrent against infidelity, it also means that since men have strong sexual drives, that they are potential cheaters (Farvid Braun, 2006). That is why women should gain expertise in the sexual pleasing of their men so that they will not find a need to ‘stray’. On the other hand, women are not characterized as having strong sex drives and if they cheat, it is pictured in more severe ways, within more elaborate and negative scenarios. Women’s infidelity is more condemnable and less forgivable than men’s infidelity. Blame is assigned to the woman and is not likely caused by sexual or relational shortcomings of the partner she cheated. Another gender difference in infidelity is that women are seen as victims of their male partner’s cheating, but men are seen as seekers of revenge for being cheated on by a female partner (Farvid Braun, 2006). Cheating is still considered always ‘wrong’ despite the seemingly loose morals propagated in the magazines and monogamous heterosexual relationships are promoted as central to the identity and well-being of women (Farvid Braun, 2006). Increased Sexualization in Popular Modern Music Genres Heavy metal music, described as the overtly violent and sexually explicit segments of rock and roll music (Lynxwiler, 1988) earned the wrath of Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) and targeted a media campaign against it (Gore, 1987). The organization portrayed heavy metal music as dangerous to young minds because it emphasized the use of drugs, encouraged adolescent sex, endorsed sexist/ pornographic values, instrumental in delivering occult messages and caused violent, lawless behavior (Markson, 1990). Such claims created much controversy that it received national attention when Congressional hearings were held to determine if indeed heavy metal albums and other forms of popular music must be evaluated for their influence in proliferation of â€Å"porn-rock† in the United States (Gray, 1989). The hearings did not produce great changes however, more and more organizations concerned with â€Å"child victims† such as conservative parental, religious and feminist groups pushed for the regulation of heavy metal music (Bayles, 1994). Still others began their own uprising against rap music (Binder, 1993). Jones (1997) claims, that as a matter of definition, rap and hip-hop music are often used interchangeably. However, Powell (1991) defined hip-hop as the beat of the music and rap as the narrative representation, the talking over the beat. Hence, the use of explicit violence and sexual lyrics may be blamed down to rap. Powell (1991) described â€Å"commercial rap† as hip hop or dance rap. Hardcore rap, or gangster rap is the one that raises much controversy. Researchers have suggested that hip hop and rap music, rooted in Black culture can be tools through which Black youth may negotiate their identities to develop an authentic Black identity (Clay, 2003). They see the music as reflective of their lives and to assert that music relates to empowerment, cultural connection and positive identity development (Sullivan, 2003; Berry, 1994). Critics of hip hop and rap, however, have argued that Black youth may be very susceptible to the influences of hip hop role models who promise money, power and status to men who show disrespect for women (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006). Mahiri and Conner’s (2003) ethnographic study of African American middle school students manifested resistance in the negative images emanating from rap and hiphop. This study suggested the use of rap and hiphop images related to social and gender roles as a point of reference from which participants could verbally evaluate, compare and contrast their own beliefs and attitudes. Adolescents in the study of Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter (2006) believed that certain women can be â€Å"nasty† and may â€Å"choose† to be abused, and that abusive men may be products of their environment. Still, they showed dissatisfaction with the representations of Black men and women in hip hop. Their criticisms revolved around women’s individual behavior and style and how outsiders might stereotype Black men as thugs for emulating hiphop fashion. Such perceptions of gender roles based on hiphop seemed to extend to the participants’ evaluations of women’s and men’s responsibility and choices with regards to real world sexual aggression and violence (Squires, Kohn-Wood, Chavous Carter, 2006) The problematic aspects of rap music is usually focused on its most acrimonious strain which is gangsta rap. Narratives in such strain are extremely troubling in their glamorization of violence,, materialism, misogyny and sexual transgression (Mahiri Conner, 2003). However, Dyson (1996) argued that the vulgarity expressed in gangsta rap are strongly linked to dominate cultural constructions of â€Å"the other’ and market-driven strategies for rampant economic and human exploitation. Therefore, Dyson noted, the debate about gangsta rap should be situated in a much broader critique of how these narratives essentially mirror ancient stereotypes of Black identity and sexual proclivity throughthe society’s circulation of â€Å"brutal images of black men as sexual outlaws and black females as â€Å"ho’s† (1996, p. 178) Feminists argue that popular media contributes to coerciveness and sexual assault toward women as seen by the dominant presence of violence against women in all forms of media (Linz Malamuth, 1993). Adolescents have been resorting to popular entertainment for information about sex, drugs, alcohol and violence (Kaiser Family Foundation, 1999). Their preference for the more popular and accessible music videos has provides them with such information. Analysis of Music Television (MTV) has shown that men appeared nearly twice as often as women and engaged in significantly more aggressive, dominant behavior and women were shown as engaging in more implicitly sexual and subservient behavior. They were depicted to be frequent objects of explicit, implicit and aggressive advances by men (Sommers-Flanagan, Sommers-Flanagan, Davis, 1993). It is usual for women in these videos to be used as decorative objects, and only a few videos show men and women are treated equally (Vincent, Davis Borus zkowski, 1987). One study of media and sexuality revealed that exposure to MTV among college females was the most powerful predictor of sexual permissiveness (Strouse Buerkel-Rothfuss, 1987). Likewise, in video games, a more sexist orientation and graphic violence against women is getting prevalent. Overall, content in various media such as television, video games, music videos communicates that women are to be objectified, sexualized, dominated, assaulted and even killed (Bretthauer, Zimmerman Banning, 2006).

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

The Many Possible Interpretations of Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Towards the close of the play, Hamlet has a short exchange alone with Horatio, which seems intended to "set up" the final encounter with Laertes, the Queen, Claudius, and the whole Court, and to make absolutely clear the nature of his own involvement. The passage exists in two good versions; the second Quarto of 1604, and the Folio of 1623, which is now thought to represent Shakespeare's revision of the earlier version.11 This second text adds fourteen lines in which Hamlet seeks to justify, as "perfect conscience," his determination to kill Claudius with his own "arm"--or rather to "quit" him, which implies repaying as well.12 He then asks whether he would not be "damned" if he did nothing to eradicate "this canker of our nature" (V.ii.68-70). But even this later addition to the play does not establish a "plain and simple faith."13 We notice that Hamlet expresses himself in rhetorical questions which seem to qualify his momentary certainty. And only minutes later, as th e last encounter approaches, his reluctance to tell all ("Thou wouldst not think how ill all's here about my heart; but it is no matter," ll. 208-09) and a further intrusion of vigorous and baffling wordplay cloud over these ultimate issues once more. Immediately before the King and Queen enter on stage, Hamlet's words, spoken as he again finds himself alone with Horatio, are so tricky--or perhaps tricksy--that they baffled the original compositors of the text and have set modern editors at variance.14 Neither the Quarto nor Folio makes sense and various emendations have been proposed. No/knows; has/owes; leave/leaves; ought/all; of what/of ought, all collide and change places with each other in the different versions. Today a text might read, "Since no man, of aught he leaves, knows aught, what is't to leave betimes?" or "Since no man of ought he leaves, knows, what is't to leave . . .," or ". . . no man owes aught of what he leaves, what is't . . .," or ". . . no man knows of aught he leaves, what is't . . . ." (Was the speech ever absolutely clear in Shakespeare's autograph manuscript, or in his head?) With Hamlet's next words, as trumpet and drums [page 24] announce the King's arrival, the play's hero contrives yet another avo idance-tactic, refusing to talk further with a surprisingly curt "Let be.

Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Research Vitamin supplements bring added nutritional values to people’s health. With their contents of the certain recommended amount of minerals and vitamins needed for staying healthy, vitamin supplements have become more and more popular especially for those with hectic and busy lifestyles. These people believe that daily or regular consumption of vitamin supplements helps to ensure the proper intake of nutrition needed—a compensation for what they might have missed or lost as a result of workload or lifestyle.Unlike medicines or drugs for any medicinal purpose, vitamin supplements are taken for various reasons. Strength, health, and energy seem to take the lead as the top priorities, while illusions of youthfulness, fear of lack of complete nutrients, or long term protection follow. As work life and lifestyle in the global community have become more dynamic and healthy meals with proper dining are rare, people have resor ted more to the help of vitamin supplements. Advertising plays a major part in creating more desire for vitamin supplements.Several marketing schemes of pharmaceutical manufacturers make a continued bombardment of publicity, using both soft and hard persuasion to convince consumers believe in the efficacy of vitamin supplements. These movements create motivational factors for consumers, and their reasons for consumption of vitamin supplements can be endless. Modern lifestyle and work behavior remain the catalyst for the market viability of vitamin supplements. While vitamin supplements aim to maintain the good health of their consumers, they could deteriorate health in many ways.Natural nutrition is certainly better than short-cut nutrition. The market, the manufacturers, and the consumers who live a fast-paced lifestyle should look for equilibrium of vitamin supplement exposure. The supplements should help enhance people’s wellbeing, instead of benefiting certain groups. 1. 1. 1 Consumption of Vitamin Supplements Nowadays, people are concerned about their health and they think that they do not eat proper, well-balanced, and nutritious foods which results in a lack of key vitamins, illness, and poor health.This is especially true of businessmen and office workers because, as the world is moving at a busy and faster pace, they spend most of the time working, which uses all their mental and physical energy, and sometimes they are very stressed and do not often eat proper food and rely instead on junk food or fast food because of its convenience. Therefore, these people purchase vitamin supplements to prevent nutritional deficiencies. People do not purchase and consume food supplements or health products as a cure.They purchase and consume then because they think vitamin supplements can help them improve their quality of life. There are several motivational factors that encourage business people or office workers to purchase vitamin supplements which creat e the demand in the market. The market for vitamin supplements has increased significantly because they have the need to consume vitamin supplements which play an important role in providing nutrition which supports and maintains their good health. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemConsumers of vitamin supplements are mostly business people in the central business districts (CBD) of any of the big cities in the world. Bangkok is no exception. With increasing stress, workload, and the hectic lifestyle of many CBDs in Bangkok, Thai business people try to keep their health stable by consuming more vitamin supplements, rather than observing proper gastronomy. Vitamin supplements of imported and local brands flood the shelves of trendy drug stores like Boots and other popular dispensaries.GNC, an American brand of vitamin supplements, has started to appear around downtown Bangkok’s shopping malls. Competition among manufacturers of vitamin supplements has become fierce, while several c onsumers have started to realize the side-effects of long-term intake of vitamin supplements. The issues of both the pharmaceutical market’s competitiveness and growing awareness of natural nutrients seem to be intertwined within the consumers’ minds.This study therefore aims to identify the motivational factors of the consumers in CBD Bangkok in their purchase intention of vitamin supplements. Recognizing the motivational factors reveals the consumers’ rationale and the impact of marketing techniques that have brought vitamin supplements to their present status. Manufacturers—both at home and abroad—will benefit from realizing consumers’ motivational factors, so that they are able to plan their research well and develop the technical and marketing sides.Surely Thailand, as a tropical country where herbs and pharmaceutical ingredients are found in abundance for making good vitamin supplements, can partake in this fierce competition with succ ess, while the imported brands are ready to compete in any overseas market. However, if vitamin supplements are to become an essential food for people in CBD, all parties concerned need to use studies of consumers’ motivational factors to determine directions that not only yield a healthy result to the consumers but help them avoid risks too. . 3 Research Questions 1. What motivates business people in central business district (CBD) to purchase vitamin supplements? 2. What characterizes the profile of business people of central business district (CBD) in relationship with their consumption of vitamin supplements? 1. 4 Research Objectives 1. To identify motivational factors of business people in buying vitamin supplements; 2. To describe characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to purchase vitamin supplements; and, 3.To describe the characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to consume vitamin supplements. 1. 5 Scope of the Research This research aims to understand motivational factors affecting purchase intention regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. The research will break down into four main variables which constitute Individual Characteristics, Situational and Attitudinal Factors, Motivational Factors, and Purchase Intention of vitamin supplements. The target population was around the Silom area which it is the center of the business area and the most crowded place in Bangkok.The respondents were executive managers, senior managers, and managers or work in lower positions. 1. 6 Limitation of the Research This research was conducted in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers. Hence, the result of the research might be different if data are collected from other areas because of difference in demographics and individual characteristics. 1. 7 Significance of the Research The importance of this study is primarily focused on understanding what motivates office workers in terms of the benefits of, and their intent to purchase vitamin supplements.The outcome will be able to help people concerned about the need to consume vitamin supplements through studies of the motivational factors to determine the directions that provide a healthy result to office workers as well as to characterize their individual profiles regarding the intent to purchase vitamin supplements. It will also be useful for marketers to help them analyze and evaluate this study to assist marketing management in marketing decisions and formulating strategies to increase efficiency. 1. 8 Definition of Terms Central Business District (CBD) – the central district of a city or it is office or retail center of the city. In this study, the survey was conducted in the Silom area as it is the center of the business area and suitable for understanding motivational factors on purchase intention of office workers which are the target of this study. * Vitamin sup plements – vitamin supplements help provide a consistent source of necessary vitamins and nutrition. People who are busy in their working life and do not eat properly would benefit from taking vitamin supplements.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Theories 2. 1. 1 Individual Characteristics Individual characteristics can be classified in many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It can refer to a set of personal traits of individuals (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Individual characteristics can be described demographically or physically. Individual characteristics are unique. Some people may have the same characteristics in some areas just as some people may look Asian but no one person is identified to another.People will have different characteristics. According to Beatty and Smith (1987), and Mitchell (1993), demographic factors can fall into one category of individual characteristics which gender and age are mostly described as factors that usually affect consumer behavior. Additionally, we can include other individual characteristics such as educational level, working position and income, household size and time that spent on groceries shopping as factors that affect consumer behavior as well. Educational level can strongly affect consumer behavior.People with a higher education tend to spend more time searching for information and are willing to try something new in the market. Some products are designed for and required by highly-educated person such as laboratory equipment, international textbooks, etc. A Less educated person may seek and consume ordinary or routine products. They tend to have less awareness of new innovative products. Working status and income are perfectly related to each other. People cannot gain an income if they do not work. Income levels vary according to working status and position.Working status and income are usually used as influential factors that could affect consumer behavior. The re is no market when there is no income. Income is required by profitable markets. What people can afford affects the products that people are likely to buy. Therefore, income is often one of the most popular demographic factors used to study the effects of consumer behavior. A household is an individual who lives alone or a group of individuals living together in a common dwelling, regardless of whether they are related.Households can be cohabitating couples who are unmarried and the opposite sex, same sex or simply roommates. Household size is determined by the number of people who live in the dwelling. Household size could affect buying decisions and consumer behavior. Logically, each household is likely to buy and consume different products at different quantities. Lastly, for individual characteristics, time spent on groceries is the number of hours spent grocery shopping per week. According to the study of Goodman (2008), over 32 million American adults shop at a grocery store on a typical day.That is a large population density in grocery shops which could be a potential market for marketers. The time spent grocery shopping may affect the buying behavior of consumers in terms of buying more other products. 2. 1. 2 Situational and Attitudinal Factors Consumer behavior of individuals could be affected by the individual’s needs, benefits sought, attitudes, motivation and purchasing situation. Since people have different attitudes, beliefs and situations, consumer behavior of each person will be expressed differently as well.Situational factors are all those factors related to the time and place of observation which do not require the knowledge of a person. These factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). People may act and consume differently in different purchasing situations. Time influences a purchase situation. Attitudinal factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a personâ₠¬â„¢s propensity to be persistent and consistent.Attitude encompasses general knowledge and constitutes the cognitive, emotions, and actions. When an individual holds a positive attitude toward a target, he or she will hold the same attitude toward a similar target (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). According to the study of Kim and Chung (2011), health consciousness and appearance consciousness could affect consumer behavior. People who are at the stage of health and appearance consciousness do care about the desired stage of well-being and are willing to put in hard effort to maintain this.People with high health and appearance consciousness tend to spend more time searching for information on healthy living and they are likely to buy more vitamin supplements and other related health products. According to the Oxford English Dictionaries, a special diet means a special course of food to which people restrict themselves with either the purpose to lose weight or for medical reasons. It impli es a specific intake of vitamin supplements or nutrition for weight management and health purposes. Grocery shopper can be used to measure motivation regarding consumer perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.The more involved grocery shoppers go shopping by themselves and are more likely to employ purchase strategies that will enhance their purchase intention (Smith & Carsky, 1996). A meal planner is also the same, according to Moore and Lehmann (1980), who found that an individual who is a meal planner or who prepares food seems to be more involved in purchase intention. Hence, they will be concerned about their food and nutrition and if they think they may lack benefits from their meals, they will be more likely to purchase vitamin supplements. . 1. 3 Motivational factors and product class involvement factors Consumer motivation is described as the influences that lead a consumer’s behavior toward a goal (Wang, 2001). Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs. According to Drichoutis, Lazaridis, and Nayga Jr, (2007), this study defines price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement as variables in a measurement of product involvement, referred to by Moorthy (1997), which in this case is vitamin supplements.In addition, Rose (1994), and Thayer (1997) both concluded that these factors are important in consumer purchase intention. Price has a psychological impact that is used to influence consumer purchasing power. Nutrition can be defined as food or nourishment that is needed to keep growing, healthy, and to support life. Ease of intake has an emphasis on the convenience and difficulties of taking vitamin supplements. Brand enables a consumer to easily identify products of a particular company and decide to purchase them.Advertisement reflects an increasing trend in which people are concerned about their health. 2. 1. 4 Purchase Intention Purchase intention is a measurement of the possibility that a consumer will purchase a product and if the purchase intention is high, there is more chance that the consumer is willing to purchase a product. Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their experience, preference, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000).Purchase intention also leads consumers to not just purchase a product once but to repeatedly purchase or repurchase a product and to recommend it to others. Customers repurchase intention depends on the value obtained in their previous transactions (Wathne, 2001; Kaynak, 2003; Bolton, 2000). So purchase intention is based on that value with a relationship with expected future benefits. Recommendation in purchase intention is consumers who are willing to recommend others to purchase the same products that they bought (Olaru, Purchase, & Peterson, 2008).CHAPTER 3 FRAMEWOR K AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Theoretical Framework 1. Figure 3. 1 – Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , & Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. This study aims to use the following framework to access the factors affecting the importance of different aspects such as price, taste, nutrition, ease of intake, and brand name of products (which in this study is food). The overall involvement with food, based on attribute importance, is affected by attitudinal factors and Socio-economic.In this framework, it provides different profiles of consumers who are not involved or more involved with food based on specific aspects. 2. Figure 3. 2 – Kim, H. Y. , & Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. The proposal of this framework attempts to study the effects of consumer values and past experience on consumer purchase intention of organic products and to consider the effect of perceived behavioral control on the attitude intention relationship by using the theory of planned behavior. . 2 Conceptual Framework Individual Characteristics * Age * Gender * Education * Work position * Income * Household Size * Time Spent on Grocery Shopping Figure 3. 3 – Motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements Purchase Intention * Purchase * Repurchase * Recommend others to purchase Motivational Factors * Price * Nutrition * Ease of Intake * Brand * Advertisement (trend) Situational & Attitudinal Factors * Health Consciousness * Appearance Consciousness * Special Diet Status * Grocery Shopper Meal Planner After clearly understand two theoretical frameworks, the conceptual framework in this research aims to study motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements regarding office workers in the Silom area. First of all, it is necessary to study individual characteristics of office workers and how these affect purchases of vitamin supplement s. Second, the study aims to identify situational and attitudinal factors that effect on consumer motivation leading to purchase of vitamin supplements.Third, the study aims to consider motivational factors of office workers and their effect on purchase intention of vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 1 Individual Characteristics The demographic factors are included in the individual characteristics category. Gender and age are factors that affect consumer behavior. Moreover, this study used education, working position, income, and household size as factors to further evaluate consumer characteristics to indicate how this effects their motivation and purchase intention of vitamin supplements.This research suggests these factors are crucial to profile consumers that intend to purchase vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 2 Situational & Attitudinal Factors This research defines health consciousness, appearance consciousness, special diet status, grocery shopper, and meal planner under situational and a ttitudinal factors. People who are concerned about their desired state of well-being or require a special course of nutrition are likely to make an effort to maintain a healthy life, and are interested in caring about their appearance, by purchasing vitamin supplements.People who go shopping and prepare meals themselves are more likely to purchase vitamin supplements because these situational and attitudinal factors can influence and motivate an individual’s perception about nutritional values. 3. 2. 3 Motivational Factors Motivational factors are identified as factors that influence motivation of office workers to purchase vitamin supplements. The perceived importance of price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement are included in the model in which these factors are defined to effect consumer perception of the benefits of vitamin supplements and influence their purchase intention.The researcher would like to determine if these factors create a positive or a ne gative relationship toward their purchase intention. 3. 2. 4 Purchase Intention This research defines purchase, repurchase, and recommending others to purchase under the purchase intention category. People are motivated to take action based on their behavior, attitude, and perception so they intend to purchase vitamin supplements for health benefits. They may intend to repurchase in the future based on their previous expectation in products and they may also recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. . 3 Hypothesis H1o: There is no relationship between situational & attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H1a: There is a relationship between situational & attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H2o: There is no relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements H2a: There is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplemen ts 3. Operationalization of Variables Variables| Concept of Variable| Operational Component| Measurement Scale| Situational & Attitudinal Factors| – Situational factors are related to the time and place of observation that do not require the knowledge of a person and situational factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). – Attitudinal Factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). – Concerned about health and diet all the time- On a special diet due to a health problem – Worried about physical shape and appearance- Do most of the grocery shopping- Always plan all family meals| Interval ScaleQ1 – Q5| Motivational Factors| Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs (Wang, 2001). – Pay attention to price- Pay attention to nutri tional value – Pay attention to convenience and ease of intake- Pay attention to the brand- Pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends| Interval ScaleQ6 – Q10| Purchase Intention| – Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their preference, experience, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). – Intend to purchase vitamin supplements- Recommend others to purchase- Intend to repeat purchasing| Interval ScaleQ11 – Q13| Individual Characteristics (Personal Information)| Individual characteristics can be classified is many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It refers to a set of personal traits of an individual (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). | – Gender- Age- Education level – Work position- Household size- Income- Time spent grocery shopping| Ord inal and NominalQ14 – Q20| 3. 5 Statistical Treatment of DataThe research used a quantitative research method to prove the findings. Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way using surveys or questionnaires. Quantitative research also provides numerical data or can convert data into numbers for a statistical review. The research used a questionnaire for collecting data because it is the most proper way based on the number of questions to be answered and to get reliable data and information from the target population. 3. 5. 1 Respondents Sampling Procedure 1. Target PopulationThe target population was office workers in the Silom area, which we considered to be the suitable location in the business area because this area is very famous, crowded, and at the center of the business area. 2. Sample size and unit The data were collected from 384 sampling units as this is the minimum sample sizes required from the population of of fice workers located in the Silom area. The population of office workers from this area is numerous because Silom is the center of the business area and many people from different areas work there. 3. Sampling ProcedureThe sampling method in this study is non-probability sampling because it is the most appropriate sampling method for this research as the target population are selected at random. Thus the research used the following type of non-probability samples technique in order to get questionnaire completed – Judgmental or Purposive sampling – This sampling is based on the assumption that the researcher can select elements which represent a typical sample from the appropriate target population: office workers in the Silom area. 3. 5. 2 Research Instrument and Questionnaire DesignThe researcher used a self-administered questionnaire which is a tool that helps the respondents to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire design was based on the conceptual framewo rk and was divided into four parts as follows – Part 1 (Situational & Attitudinal Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the situational and attitudinal factors regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. Part 2 (Motivational Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the motivational factors of office workers toward vitamin supplements.Part 3 (Purchase Intention) – the researcher wanted to understand office workers purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would also like to know if they think vitamin supplements are very important in today’s business world. Part 4 (Individual Characteristics) – this part consisted of questions that acquired individual data of the respondent: it helped the researcher to understand what a characteristic profile of office workers are and their attitudes toward vitamin supplements. Questionnaire Scale A 5-point Likert Scale was used in the q uestionnaire. = Strongly Agree 4 = Agree 3 =Neutral 2=Disagree 1=Strongly Disagree 3. 5. 3 Collection of Data The researcher can collect 384 sets of questionnaires from respondents who are office workers in the Silom area. The questionnaire was carried out only during business hours. The researcher spent two weeks collecting questionnaire and the researcher had two assistants to help distribute questionnaires for obtaining data. The researcher collected all questionnaires and analyzed the data using the software package Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). 3. 6 Reliability TestReliability Analysis of Research Instrument To test variables in the questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient scale and if the alpha test result from the calculation is above . 6 or equal, it means that all questions in the questionnaire are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. Situational and Attitudinal Factors Reliability Statistics| Cron bach's Alpha| No. of Items| .800| 5| Motivational Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. of Items| .727| 5| Purchase Intention Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. f Items| .907| 3| Overall Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| No. of Items| .895| 13| Table 3. 6: The Summary of Reliability Test Analysis Variables| Alpha test| Situational and Attitudinal Factors| . 800| Motivational Factors| . 727| Purchase Intention| . 907| Overall| . 895| The reliability test results of research instrument according to Table 4. 8 indicate that all variables in the questionnaire are greater than . 6. Therefore, all questions are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTThe researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyze the data using the following analyses – Frequency Analysis – To point out the individual characteristics of business people or office workers Descriptive Analysis – To test attitude, motivation, and intention of office workers and point what is the factor that they believe is the most important for them Correlation – To study the relationship or correlation between variables 4. 1 Frequency Analysis Table 4. 1. 1: The Analysis of Gender Levels using Frequency and Percentage Gender| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Male| 122| 31. 8| 31. 8| 31. 8| | Female| 262| 68. 2| 68. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 1, indicates that 68. 2% (262) of the respondents were female and 31. 8% (122) were male. Table 4. 1. 2: The Analysis of Age Levels using Frequency and Percentage Age| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 20 – 30 years old| 153| 39. 8| 39. 8| 39. 8| | 31 – 40 years old| 121| 31. 5| 31. 5| 71. 4| | 41 – 50 years old| 78| 20. 3| 20. 3| 91. 7| | 51 – 60 years old| 32| 8. | 8. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 2, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents 39. 8% (153) were 20 to 30. 31. 5% (121) were 31 to 40, 20. 3% (78) were 41 to 50, and 8. 3% (32) were 51 to 60. Table 4. 1. 3: The Analysis of Educational Levels using Frequency and Percentage Educational levels| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Bachelor’s degree or lower| 212| 55. 2| 55. 2| 55. 2| | Master’s degree or higher| 172| 44. 8| 44. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 3, indicates that 55. % (212) of respondents held a bachelor’s degree or lower and 44. 8% (172) held a master’s degree or higher. Table 4. 1. 4: The Analysis of Work Position Levels using Frequency and Percentage Work position| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Manager or lower| 214| 55. 7| 55. 7| 55. 7| | Senior manager| 131| 34. 1| 34. 1| 89. 8| | Executive manager| 39| 10. 2| 10. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 4, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents worked as a manager or a lower position: 55. 7% (214), 34. % (131) were senior managers, and 10. 2% (39) were executive managers. Table 4. 1. 5: The Analysis of Household Size Levels using Frequency and Percentage Number of family members(household size)| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 3 or less| 104| 27. 1| 27. 1| 27. 1| | more than 3| 280| 72. 9| 72. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 5, indicates that most households contained more than 3 people 72. 9% (280), and 27. 1% (104) contained 3 people or less. Table 4. 1. 6: The Analysis of Income Levels using Frequency and Percentage Income per month| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Up to 30,000 baht| 217| 56. 5| 56. 5| 56. 5| | Greater than 30,000 baht| 167| 43. 5| 43. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 6, indicates that the highest percentages 56. 5% (217) earned up to 30,000 baht while 43. 5% (167) earned greater than 30,000 baht. Table 4. 1. 7: The Analysis of Time Spent Shopping Levels usuing Frequency and Percentage Total amount of time spent shopping per week| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 2 hours or less| 171| 44. 5| 44. 5| 44. 5| more than 2 hours| 213| 55. 5| 55. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 7, indicates that most respondents 55. 5% (213) spent more than 2 hours shopping, and 44. 5% (171) spent 2 hours or less. 4. 2 Descriptive Analysis Table 4. 2. 1: The Analysis of Situational and Attitudinal Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I am concerned about my health and diet all the time | 384| 3. 85| . 911| I am on a special diet due to a health problem| 384| 2. 96| 1. 207| I often worry about my physical shape and appearance| 384| 2. 8| 1. 269| I do most of the grocery shopping myself| 384| 3. 65| . 985| I always p lan all family meals| 384| 3. 55| . 979| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 1, the researcher found that the highest average of situational and attitudinal factors is 3. 85: those concerned about health (health consciousness) and the lowest average is 2. 96: those on a special diet. The highest standard deviation is 1. 269: those who worry about physical shape and appearance (appearance consciousness) and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 911: those concerned about health (health consciousness).Table 4. 2. 2: The Analysis of Motivational Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| 384| 3. 67| . 989| I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping| 384| 3. 75| . 822| I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins| 384| 3. 63| . 858| I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food| 3 84| 3. 42| . 902| I pay attention to popularity, advertisements, and social trends of vitamin consumption| 384| 3. 0| . 958| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 2, the researcher found that the highest average of motivational factor is 3. 75: those who pay attention to nutritional value and the lowest average is 3. 20: those who pay attention to the popularity, advertisements, and social trends. The highest standard deviation is 0. 989: those who pay attention to price. The lowest standard deviation is 0. 822: those who pay attention to nutrition value. Table 4. 2. 3: The Analysis of Purchase Intention using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 14| 1. 145| I want to recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 28| . 936| I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously| 384| 3. 09| 1. 156| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4 . 2. 3, the researcher found that the highest average of purchase intention is 3. 28: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements, and the lowest average is 3. 09: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements. The highest standard deviation is 1. 56: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 936: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. 4. 3 Inferential Analysis Table 4. 3. 1: The Analysis of the Relationship between Situational & Attitudinal Factors and Motivation using the Person Correlation (Bivariate) Correlations| | MeanSAF| MeanMF| MeanSAF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 638**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| . 638**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 1, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equ al . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000